Chapter 8: Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

Enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s response to situations.

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2
Q

Define the conscious, preconscious, and subconscious.

A

Conscious: immediate awareness of current environment
Preconscious: available to awareness if called upon
Unconscious: unavailable to awareness; most powerful effect on mind

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3
Q

Define the id, ego, and superego.

A

Id: 100% unconscious, inner core of personality, no direct interaction with reality
Ego: conscious and preconscious that interacts with reality
Superego: Moral framework; repository of beliefs and ideals for self that are dictated by society

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4
Q

How do the ego and id relate to the pleasure and reality principles?

A

The id is dictated by the pleasure principle, seeks pleasure and avoids pain without any reasoning.
The ego is dictated by the reality principle, interacts with reality and assesses whether or not actions can be appropriately done to satisfy the id.

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5
Q

What are some common defense mechanisms?

A

Displacement, repression, sublimation, regression, denial, projection, and rationalization.

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6
Q

What are the five erogenous zones related to psychosexual stages in Freudian psychosexual development?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.

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7
Q

How do neoanalytic approaches differ from Freudian psychoanalysis?

A

More emphasis on socio-psychological factors.

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8
Q

What is the goal of the humanistic approach?

A

Utilizing the role of human consciousness in seeking self-actualization.

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9
Q

What are personal constructs under George Kelly’s construct theory?

A

Cognitive categories which sort the people and events in their lives, similar to schemas.

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10
Q

What is fixed-role therapy?

A

Prescription of roles different from client’s view, challenging personal constructs.

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11
Q

Define congruence.

A

Consistency between self-perception and actual experience in life.

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12
Q

Define self-esteem.

A

How positively or negatively one feels about themselves.

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13
Q

How do conditional and unconditional positive regard differ?

A

Positive regard is given dependent vs independent of person’s behaviour.

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14
Q

How is the humanistic approach criticized by psychoanalysts?

A

Over-reliance on self-reports.

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15
Q

Cattell’s sixteen personality factor model employs a (splitter/lumper) approach.

A

splitter

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16
Q

What are the three dimensions under Eysenck’s extraversion-stability model?

A

Extraversion-introversion, neuroticism/stability, psychoticism/socialized.

17
Q

What are the five traits under the five factor model?

A

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeability, neuroticism.

18
Q

Which neural processes serve as evidence for the biological perspective?

A

Extraversion-introversion: arousal systems
Neuroticism: autonomic nervous system
Novelty seeking/impulsivity: dopamine and serotonin levels

19
Q

Social cognitive theorists seek to combine __________ and __________ factors.

A

social, cognitive.

20
Q

What is a locus of control?

A

Difference expectancy concerning personal control in lives.

Internal locus = events under personal control
External locus = events controlled by situation

21
Q

What are components of human agency?

A

Intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, self-reflectiveness.

22
Q

Define self-efficacy.

A

Person’s beliefs concerning ability to perform behaviours needed to achieve outcomes.

23
Q

What are the determinants of self-efficacy?

A

Performance experiences, observational learning, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal.

24
Q

What are the drawbacks of interviews as a form of personality assessment?

A

Characteristics of interviewer, co-operation, honesty.

25
Q

How does remote behavioural sampling work?

A

Assessors collect samples of behaviours from respondents as they go about their lives.

26
Q

What is a major disadvantage of personality scales?

A

Validity of answers due to social desirability bias.

27
Q

Rorschach inkblot tests and thematic apperception tests are examples of ________ ________?

A

Projective tests.