Chapter 4 Part 2: Developmental Psychology (continued) Flashcards
What are the four parenting styles
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, Neglectful.
Which parenting style yields the most positive childhood outcomes?
Authoritative Parenting.
The four parenting styles differ in which two criteria?
Warmth vs hostility, restrictiveness vs permissiveness.
What are some attributes exhibited by children of indulgent parents?
Immaturity, self-centredness, puntability.
Which parenting style tends to lead to children with poor self-esteem?
Authoritarian parents.
Which parenting style tends to lead to children being insecurely attached, having poor relationships with peers, and being impulsive/aggressive?
Neglectful parents.
At what ages do gender identity and gender constancy develop, respectively?
2 to 3 years, 6 to 7 years.
Sex-role stereotypes are acquired through ________ and ________.
observational learning, operant conditioning
What are the three levels of moral reasoning under Kohlberg’s Stage Theory?
Pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional
Pre-conventional reasoning judges right and wrong based on __________.
anticipated punishment and reward
Conventional reasoning judges right and wrong based on __________.
conformity to expectations of social groups
Post-conventional reasoning judges right and wrong based on __________.
general principles, following one’s conscience
List the two substages of each level of moral reasoning under Kohlberg’s Stage Theory
Pre-conventional:
punishment/obedience orientation, instrumental/hedonistic orientation
Conventional:
good child orientation, law and order orientation
Post-conventional:
social contract orientation, universal ethical principles
What is the term for the internal moral behaviour regulatory mechanism?
Conscience.
In what time period did the social construct of adolescence begin?
18th to 20th century.
Early maturation in puberty is generally more positive for (boys/girls) than (boys/girls).
boys, girls.
During adolescence, the corpus callosum increases in area by about __%
10
Young adulthood is roughly ages ___ to ___.
20, 40
Maximum muscle strength is reached at what age range?
25 to 30.
What factors can slow the loss of brain tissue in middle and late adulthood?
lifestyle/exercise, nutrition, and attitude.
Adolescent egocentrism consists of __________ of uniqueness/ feelings/experiences, and __________ to social evaluation.
overestimation, oversensitivity
What kind of reasoning develops in adolescence that allows for scientific reasoning?
Deductive reasoning.
What periods of adulthood do crystallized and fluid intelligence peak at respectively?
Middle to late adulthood, early adulthood.
What are the four identity statuses under Marcia’s model?
Identity diffusion: No crisis yet,
Foreclosure: Adopting role without going through crisis,
Moratorium: Currently going through crisis,
Identity achievement: Crisis successfully resolved.
Is the “mid-life crisis” fact or fiction and why?
Fiction, happiness and general satisfaction generally do not decrease throughout age; crises can happen at any time.
Adjustment to retirement depends on which factors?
Physical health, leisure interests, financial security, family relationships, whether or not retirement was voluntary.
