Chapter 4 Part 2: Developmental Psychology (continued)

Question 1

What are the four parenting styles

Answer 1

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, Neglectful.

Question 2

Which parenting style yields the most positive childhood outcomes?

Answer 2

Authoritative Parenting.

Question 2

The four parenting styles differ in which two criteria?

Answer 2

Warmth vs hostility, restrictiveness vs permissiveness.

Question 3

What are some attributes exhibited by children of indulgent parents?

Answer 3

Immaturity, self-centredness, puntability.

Question 4

Which parenting style tends to lead to children with poor self-esteem?

Answer 4

Authoritarian parents.

Question 5

Which parenting style tends to lead to children being insecurely attached, having poor relationships with peers, and being impulsive/aggressive?

Answer 5

Neglectful parents.

Question 6

At what ages do gender identity and gender constancy develop, respectively?

Answer 6

2 to 3 years, 6 to 7 years.

Question 7

Sex-role stereotypes are acquired through ________ and ________.

Answer 7

observational learning, operant conditioning

Question 8

What are the three levels of moral reasoning under Kohlberg’s Stage Theory?

Answer 8

Pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

Question 9

Pre-conventional reasoning judges right and wrong based on __________.

Answer 9

anticipated punishment and reward

Question 10

Conventional reasoning judges right and wrong based on __________.

Answer 10

conformity to expectations of social groups

Question 11

Post-conventional reasoning judges right and wrong based on __________.

Answer 11

general principles, following one’s conscience

Question 12

List the two substages of each level of moral reasoning under Kohlberg’s Stage Theory

Answer 12

Pre-conventional:
punishment/obedience orientation, instrumental/hedonistic orientation

Conventional:
good child orientation, law and order orientation

Post-conventional:
social contract orientation, universal ethical principles

Question 13

What is the term for the internal moral behaviour regulatory mechanism?

Answer 13

Conscience.

Question 14

In what time period did the social construct of adolescence begin?

Answer 14

18th to 20th century.

Question 15

Early maturation in puberty is generally more positive for (boys/girls) than (boys/girls).

Answer 15

boys, girls.

Question 16

During adolescence, the corpus callosum increases in area by about __%

Answer 16

10

Question 17

Young adulthood is roughly ages ___ to ___.

Answer 17

20, 40

Question 18

Maximum muscle strength is reached at what age range?

Answer 18

25 to 30.

Question 19

What factors can slow the loss of brain tissue in middle and late adulthood?

Answer 19

lifestyle/exercise, nutrition, and attitude.

Question 20

Adolescent egocentrism consists of __________ of uniqueness/ feelings/experiences, and __________ to social evaluation.

Answer 20

overestimation, oversensitivity

Question 21

What kind of reasoning develops in adolescence that allows for scientific reasoning?

Answer 21

Deductive reasoning.

Question 22

What periods of adulthood do crystallized and fluid intelligence peak at respectively?

Answer 22

Middle to late adulthood, early adulthood.

Question 23

What are the four identity statuses under Marcia’s model?

Answer 23

Identity diffusion: No crisis yet,
Foreclosure: Adopting role without going through crisis,
Moratorium: Currently going through crisis,
Identity achievement: Crisis successfully resolved.

Question 24

Is the “mid-life crisis” fact or fiction and why?

Answer 24

Fiction, happiness and general satisfaction generally do not decrease throughout age; crises can happen at any time.

Question 25

Adjustment to retirement depends on which factors?

Answer 25

Physical health, leisure interests, financial security, family relationships, whether or not retirement was voluntary.