Chapter 7: Social Psychology Flashcards
What are in groups and out groups?
In groups: groups that one belongs to
Out groups: groups that one doesn’t belong to
Membership to in groups is based on __________ and __________.
reciprocity, transitivity.
reciprocity: ‘you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours’
transitivity: a = b and b = c, therefore a = c (relates to interpersonal harmony)
How do prejudice and discrimination differ?
Prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is behaviour.
What is out-group homogeneity bias?
Tendency to attribute traits to all members of out-group. Belief that ‘they’ are all alike.
Describe in-group favouritism and out-group derogation.
Tendency to attribute more positive qualities to in-group members, negative qualities to out-group members.
The _______-_______ theory states that competition for resources fosters prejudice (e.g. as economic times worsen, hostility towards immigrants increase).
realistic-conflict.
The _______-_______ theory states that prejudice stems from a need to enhance one’s self-esteem.
social-identity.
What is a stereotype?
A schema that makes processing easy, based on membership to certain groups.
__________ occurs when a person does not fit into a stereotype that would otherwise apply to them.
Subtyping.
Subtyping often results in __________ being done by the holder of prejudice.
rationalizing.
What is the implicit bias test meant to indicate and how does it measure this?
‘Automatic preference’ for race via measuring reaction time.
What is a stereotype threat?
Anxiety surrounding fear of fulfilling stereotype when one believes they may be the target of one.
What are attributions?
Judgments about causes of our or others’ behaviour and outcomes.
__________ attributions are caused by oneself, __________ attributions are caused by one’s environment.
Personal, situational.
What causes attributional biases?
Fundamental attribution errors, often due to skewed perception of self and own role.
What does nonverbal behaviour refer to?
Facial expressions, gestures, movements.
What are four psychological reasons humans practice affiliation?
Obtain positive stimulation, receive emotional support, gain attention, social comparison.
Describe the mere exposure effect.
Exposure alone can promote affiliation, ergo trope of two ppl disliking one another at first later becoming friends.
Describe the matching effect.
Tendency for more attractive people to end up with other attractive people and vice versa.
The triangular theory of love divides love into which three categories?
Intimacy, passion, commitment
How do the three categories of love combine under the triangular theory of love?
Liking (intimacy) + infatuation (passion) = romantic love
Liking (intimacy) + empty love (commitment) = companionate love
Infatuation (passion) + empty love (commitment) = fatuous love
all 3 = consumate love
What does social loafing refer to?
Failure to ‘pull one’s own weight’ in a group.
By the collective effort model, what factors cause social loafing?
individual performance not being monitored,
goal and task having little value,
group being unimportant,
task being simple/person’s effort being redundant.
Describe group polarization
Average opinion of group becomes more extreme.
What is groupthink?
When a group ignores critical thinking when seeking agreement.
What are some causes of groupthink?
High stress to make a decision,
Insulation from outside input,
Directive leader who promotes their agenda,
High group cohesion.
What do informational social influence and normative social influence refer to, respectively?
Informational social influence: adjustment of information, ‘correctness’ of information
Normative social influence: adjustment of norms
The norm of reciprocity, door-in-the-face technique, and foot-in-the-door-technique are all examples of what?
Compliance techniques.
Define attitudes.
Positive or negative evaluative reactions toward a stimulus.
What is the cognitive dissonance theory?
Theory that we strive for consistency in cognitions, and that two inconsistent cognitions leads to cognitive dissonance.
Cognitive dissonance can result in _______-_______ behaviour.
counter-attitudinal.
Define persuasion.
Active and conscious effort to change an attitude or behaviour through the transmission of a message.
What are some factors persuasion influenced by?
The communicator, message, and audience.
What is eusociality?
Altruistic behaviour characterized by living in groups, cooperative care, and division of labour.
What are some examples of eusocial species?
Bees, ants, naked mole rats.
Crowding, heat, frustration, and a monoamine oxidase gene are all factors affecting what?
Aggression.
Describe the just-world hypothesis.
People are more likely to exhibit prosocial behaviour if they perceive that the victim does not deserve the situation they are in.
