Chapter 2: Language and Thinking Flashcards
__________ is the scientific study of psychological aspects of language
Psycholinguistics
The 5 properties of language are
Symbolic and Structured, Grammar, Syntax, Generativity, Displacement
___________ refers to language’s ability to communicate about things not physically present or that do not exist.
Displacement
___________ refers to language’s ability to combine symbols into infinite messages.
Generativity
What do surface structure and deep structure each refer to, respectively?
Surface structure consists of syntax and grammar, deep structure refers to semantics/meaning
What are phonemes and morphemes?
Phonemes are the smallest unit of sound recognized as separate by humans, morphemes are the smallest unit of meaning.
Pragmatics refers to the ____________ aspects of using language.
practical
Chomsky argued that all languages have __________.
common deep structure
Infants vocalize the entire range of human phonemes from what ages?
1 - 3 months.
Infants learn to discriminate sounds specific to their native language at what ages?
6 - 12 months.
Parents/caregivers influence the social learning of language through what means?
Operant Conditioning.
Broca’s area, located in the ________ lobe, is involved in language (production/comprehension).
Frontal, production
Wernicke’s area, located in the ________ lobe, is involved in language (production/comprehension).
Temporal, comprehension
Hockett’s design features isolated three factors that make up a language. They are:
Vocal auditory channel, displacement, learnability.
Mental representations (belonging to the cognitivist perspective) can be broken down into two types. They are:
Analogical representations and symbolic representations.
Three types of thought are:
Propositional (expresses a statement), Imaginal (consists of sensory representations), Motoric (representations of motor movements)
A __________ is the best/most familiar example of a category, _________ are all of the examples of a category.
prototype, exemplars
What is a schema?
A mental blueprint of how we organize knowledge for application
What is a script?
A schema that directs our behaviour over time given a specific situation.
Four steps to problem solving are:
Framing problem, generating solutions, testing solutions, evaluating results.
What is functional fixedness.
Having fixed ideas about the typical function of objects.
What are two strategies to problem solving?
Algorithms (guide to generate solutions) and heuristics (general strategies)
Which type of heuristic identifies differences between present situation and desired state, and uses subgoal analysis to reach goal?
Means-end analysis.
Which type of heuristic makes judgements and decisions based on availability of information in memory?
Availability heuristic.
Why are availability heuristics sometimes misinformed?
They often do not capture the full picture, impression may not be aligned with reality. E.g. a fear of sharks even though vending machines kill more people.
