Chapter 5: Psychological Disorders Flashcards
What was abnormal behaviour was historically attributed to?
Supernatural forces; possession by demons, evil spirits.
Describe trephination.
A hole is drilled into the patient’s skull, supposedly to allow evil spirits to exit the body.
What do mania, melancholia, and phrenitis refer to, respectively?
Mania: Intense euphoria
Melancholia: Intense sadness
Phrenitis: Mental confusion
What are the three ‘D’s of psychopathology?
Distressing, dysfunctional, deviant.
What is the modern definition of abnormal behaviour?
Behaviour that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional, and/or so culturally deviant that people say it is maladaptive.
What are the two factors contributing to psych disorders under the Vulnerability-Stress Model/Diathesis-Stress model?
Vulnerability, stressors. (duh)
What is the DSM-5? (What does it stand for and what does it allow for?)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Fifth Edition. It allows for reliability and standardization in diagnosis of psych disorders.
How does the DSM-5 differ from its predecessor, the DSM-4?
The DSM-5 is less restrictive. It takes a more continuous dimensional approach (as opposed to a binary in-or-out categorization).
In the context of psych disorders, what is comorbidity?
An overlap in different types of disorders.
What is reductionism and why is it bad.
Reductionism refers to reducing patients to their label. Eventually both patient and clinician see all behaviours as symptoms of perceived pathology. (confirmation bias)
Describe some symptoms of internalizing vs externalizing disorders, respectively.
Internalizing: distress, fear, depression, anxiety, panic
Externalizing: impulsivity, out of control behaviour, substance abuse
Describe the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
State of diffuse, ‘free-floating’ anxiety, not tied to specific situations.
What are Phobic Disorders?
Strong, irrational fears of objects or situations.
What are the cognitive and behavioural components of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), respectively?
Cognitive: obsessions; repeated unwanted intrusive thoughts, images, etc.
Behavioural: Compulsions in response to obsessions to reduce anxiety.
(Low/High) levels of GABA are associated with anxiety disorders.
Low
(Low/High) levels of GABA are associated with anxiety disorders.
Low
What are two eating disorders?
Anorexia nervosa (intense fear of being fat), and bulimia nervosa (binging and purging).
How does depression differ from ‘a case of the blues’ or ‘having a bad day’?
Frequency, intensity, and duration of symptoms is out of proportion to the situation.
Major depression is defined by a major depressive episode lasting at least __________.
two weeks
Persistent depression disorder consists of mild to moderate depression lasting for __________.
5 to 10, up to even 20 years.
What is anhedonia?
Loss of interest in pleasurable activity.
What does bipolar disorder consist of?
Manic states (hyperactive, euphoric mood), and depressive episodes.
What does bipolar disorder consist of?
Manic states (hyperactive, euphoric mood), and depressive episodes.
Describe the differences between Bipolar I Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder.
Bipolar I Disorder has more extreme manic episodes and does not require a depressive diagnosis, Bipolar II disorder consists of hypomania and major depressive episodes.
Affective disorders are associated with over- or under-activity of which neurotransmitters?
Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin.
What negative thoughts does the depressive cognitive triad consist of?
The world, oneself, the future.
Hypochondriasis is an example of what kind of disorder?
Somatic symptom disorders.
What is functional neurological symptom disorder is defined by?
Psychosomatic disorder without cause for loss of feeling in body parts.
What are positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive symptoms: Traits present as symptoms, not present in normal behaviour.
Negative symptoms: Traits missing from normal function not present in schizophrenic person.
The neurodegenerative hypothesis attributes schizophrenia to __________.
atrophy and destruction of neural tissue, especially the thalamus (sensory issues).
In general, what causes dissociative disorders?
Trauma.
What are the symptoms of dissociative amnesia vs dissociative fugue?
Dissociative amnesia: memory loss following trauma
Dissociative fugue: loss of all personal identity (more extreme)
What are the symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?
Two or more separate unique identities. Additional identities are known as ‘alters’.
Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by the lack of what?
Conscience and remorse.
What are the symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)?
Emotional dysregulation, instability in behaviour, emotion, identity
