Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Explain the roles that the body and brain play in producing emotions
emotions can be tied with physical responses from the body
we know how close two emotions feel to each other are are able to make a map of emotions
Describe evidence for and against the universality hypothesis
The universality hypothesis says that all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times
evidence for: even blind people smile or universally people put their hands to their face when embarrassed
a
against: there are emotions that exist in some culture that don’t exist in others
Explain the facial feedback hypothesis
The facial feed back hypothesis says that emotional expression can give rise to the emotions being expressed
example: holding a pencil with your teeth mimics a smile and people feel more happy
example: Botox can be used to treat depression
Explain the concept of instinct, and why behaviorists rejected it
Instincts are motivations you are born with
Rejected because behavioralist believed that all behaviors are fully explained by external stimuli and that all complex behaviors are learned
Describe the concept of drive
Drives are created when the body is out of equilibrium. The brain monitors the body and send out drives when there is an imbalance. Behavioralist said that we are motivated to do things to reduce these drives.
We don’t eat because we like food- we eat to reduce drive for hunger.
Explain the hedonic principle and how it influences emotion regulation.
Hedonic Principle says that people are motivated to experience pleasure and to avoid pain. Even when we do something that feels bad (dentist) we are motivated that it will make us feel better in the long run.
We accomplish this goal of avoiding pain by emotional regulation (strategies we use to influence our own emotions)
Strategies for Emotional Regulation
- Suppression: BAD
- Affect Labeling: every effective
- Reappraisal: changing emotions by changing the way you think about the stimulus
Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslow says that we have different types of needs and the most basic ones will be satisfied before we can move on to the others
physiological and safely needs first then self actualization last
problem: how do you explain hunger strikes?
Explain how hunger signals get turned on and off
Cannon and Washburn thought that hunger came from stomach contractions, but we know that paralyzed people still feel hunger
Blood Signals:
1. Glucose: decrease leads to increase in hunger
2. Ghrelin: cause hunger, secreted from stomach
3. Orexin: cause hunger, secreted from hypothalamus
4.Leptin: stop hunger, turn food into fat
5. CCK: stop hunger, secreted in gut
Anorexia
intense fear of being overweight, sever food restrictions, underweight,
Bulimia
binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, normal weight
Bing Eating
recurred and uncontrolled episodes of consuming large amounts of calories
Understand what causes obesity and how it can be prevented
- Evolutionary Mismatch: traits that were adaptive in an ancestral environment may be maladaptive in modern environment
- We are drawn to food with high sugar and fat
- We store food as fat
- Heritable: genetics, good gut bacteria, more sensitive to rewards
EASIER TO AVOID OBESITY THAN OVERCOME IT
- fat cells never die
- metabolism changes when we try to diet
-people fail diets due to all or none mind set
Describe the role that hormones play in sexual interest
Three Hormones:
1. DHEA - slow acting starting at 6 years old
2. Testosterones- control both male and female sex drive
3. Estrogen- levels fluctuate but sex drive doesn’t match
Factors to Sexual Orientation
- Hypothalamus Nuclei Larger in hetero males
- Anterior Commissure larger in women
- Hetero Males left side > right side (hetero females are the same)
- Number of older brothers = son more likely to be gay
- Prenatal stress increases chances
- Genetics
Explain the advantages of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations
Intrinsic: motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding (activities are the pay off), internally motivation
Extrinsic: motivation to take actions that lead to a reward (engage in unpleasant things now for reward later), motivated by external things, motivation created by environment
habits built on intrinsic motivation stick while ones build on extrinsic fade away
Explain how rewards and threats can backfire
Rewards and threats cannot build habits
Explain how we know that avoidance motivation is more powerful than approach motivation
Approach: motivated to experience positive outcomes
Avoidance: motivation to avoid negative outcomes
Avoidance is stronger due to loss aversion (we care more about losses than gains of equal size)
Yerkes-Dodson law
peak performance at optimal arousal
complex task = less arousal
simple task = more arousal
Psychological Factors of Hunger
Lateral Hypothalamus: stimulate= animal will start eating
Ventromedial Hypothalamus:
stimulate= signals to stop eating
achievement motivation
high achievement= set challenging but not impossible goals
low achievement= either to easy or too impossible goals
external cognitive factors for hunger
some people are more sensitive to external cues and some are more sensitive to internal cures (at noon we eat)
presence of people = eat more
more choices = eat more
all or none thinking in diets
food availability = eat more when it is easier to access
James-Lange Theory
when we encounter a stimuli, we have a specific response that invokes an emotion
problems:
-physical response without emotion
-some emotions come before response
-people can have the same response but different emotions
Cannon-Bard Theory
emotion and physiological response at the same time
how it is processed in brain
Schachter and Singer
response first, then search environment for why we are feeling that emotion
emotion in infants
right after birth: disgust, distress, interest
2-4 month: happiness, surprise
7-9 month: fear, sad, anger
Elkman
found the six universal emotions
- happy
- anger
- sad
- surprise
- disgust
- fear
based on facial expression
culture and expression of emotion
different display rules
Japan vs US
emotion and cerebral asymmetry
Inactivate Left side of brain: catastrophic reaction
Inactive Right Side: euphoria
approach and withdrawal
appraoch= more willing to try new things
withdrawl= slow to warm up
