Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Explain the roles that the body and brain play in producing emotions
emotions can be tied with physical responses from the body
we know how close two emotions feel to each other are are able to make a map of emotions
Describe evidence for and against the universality hypothesis
The universality hypothesis says that all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times
evidence for: even blind people smile or universally people put their hands to their face when embarrassed
a
against: there are emotions that exist in some culture that don’t exist in others
Explain the facial feedback hypothesis
The facial feed back hypothesis says that emotional expression can give rise to the emotions being expressed
example: holding a pencil with your teeth mimics a smile and people feel more happy
example: Botox can be used to treat depression
Explain the concept of instinct, and why behaviorists rejected it
Instincts are motivations you are born with
Rejected because behavioralist believed that all behaviors are fully explained by external stimuli and that all complex behaviors are learned
Describe the concept of drive
Drives are created when the body is out of equilibrium. The brain monitors the body and send out drives when there is an imbalance. Behavioralist said that we are motivated to do things to reduce these drives.
We don’t eat because we like food- we eat to reduce drive for hunger.
Explain the hedonic principle and how it influences emotion regulation.
Hedonic Principle says that people are motivated to experience pleasure and to avoid pain. Even when we do something that feels bad (dentist) we are motivated that it will make us feel better in the long run.
We accomplish this goal of avoiding pain by emotional regulation (strategies we use to influence our own emotions)
Strategies for Emotional Regulation
- Suppression: BAD
- Affect Labeling: every effective
- Reappraisal: changing emotions by changing the way you think about the stimulus
Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslow says that we have different types of needs and the most basic ones will be satisfied before we can move on to the others
physiological and safely needs first then self actualization last
problem: how do you explain hunger strikes?
Explain how hunger signals get turned on and off
Cannon and Washburn thought that hunger came from stomach contractions, but we know that paralyzed people still feel hunger
Blood Signals:
1. Glucose: decrease leads to increase in hunger
2. Ghrelin: cause hunger, secreted from stomach
3. Orexin: cause hunger, secreted from hypothalamus
4.Leptin: stop hunger, turn food into fat
5. CCK: stop hunger, secreted in gut
Anorexia
intense fear of being overweight, sever food restrictions, underweight,
Bulimia
binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, normal weight
Bing Eating
recurred and uncontrolled episodes of consuming large amounts of calories
Understand what causes obesity and how it can be prevented
- Evolutionary Mismatch: traits that were adaptive in an ancestral environment may be maladaptive in modern environment
- We are drawn to food with high sugar and fat
- We store food as fat
- Heritable: genetics, good gut bacteria, more sensitive to rewards
EASIER TO AVOID OBESITY THAN OVERCOME IT
- fat cells never die
- metabolism changes when we try to diet
-people fail diets due to all or none mind set
Describe the role that hormones play in sexual interest
Three Hormones:
1. DHEA - slow acting starting at 6 years old
2. Testosterones- control both male and female sex drive
3. Estrogen- levels fluctuate but sex drive doesn’t match
Factors to Sexual Orientation
- Hypothalamus Nuclei Larger in hetero males
- Anterior Commissure larger in women
- Hetero Males left side > right side (hetero females are the same)
- Number of older brothers = son more likely to be gay
- Prenatal stress increases chances
- Genetics
