Chapter 11: Motivation Flashcards
ID
we are born pure ID
most primitive
needs immediate gratification
source of libido (psychic energy)
EGO
reality principle
structure of personality
balances the ID and Super Ego
SUPER EGO
internalized parent
constantly saying no
stops ID
2 Aspects:
1. Ego Ideal: who we should be
2. Conscience: how we should behave
Oral Stage of Psychosexual Development
mouth is erogenous zone
conflict = giving up breast
oral aggressive: hostel, angry person, sarcastic
oral dependent: naïve, gullible, will swallow anything
Anal Stage of Psychosexual Development
feels good to fill diaper
conflict: potty training
anal retentive: hold everything in, organized, very neat
ana expulsive: messy, sloppy, disorganized, extraverted
Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Develpoment
conflict: sexual desire for parent
Oedipus: boy loves penis, sexually attacked to mom, dad is problem, resolves to maybe I can be like dad and get a girl like mom so relates to dad
Electra: girl has penis envy, wants daddy for penis, gives up attraction to dad when she learns that she will never get penis and identifies with mom
Latency Stage of Psychosexual Development
no thoughts about sex until puberty
Genital Stage of Psychosexual Development
puberty and forward
no problems
Karen Horney
women have power envy not penis envy
girls want to have power like men
- more dreams with phallic imagery in societies where women have less power
Repression
don’t’ think about uncomfortable thoughts
Denial
pretend like uncomfortable thought don’t exist
Projection
place uncomfortable feelings on someone else (deny feelings and make someone the problem)
Reaction Formation
express complete opposite of how we are feeling
Regression
go back to earlier stage of development (throw a temper tantrum)
Rationalization
give explanation for emotions
Displacement
put feelings onto something else that what the feelings are actually directed at (mad at boss so kick to dog)
Identification
identify with someone more powerful (copy the cool kids)
Sublimation
BEST ONE
direct emotions to more beneficial behaviors
Compare personality inventories and projective techniques
Personality Inventories: rely on self reporting, people provide information on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, scales are devised to assess a whole range of personalities, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is popular test, PROBLEM: we don’t know everything about ourselves to self report
Projective Techniques: reveal inner aspects of an individuals’ personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of stimuli, inkblot, or how we make up stories about people in pictures (TAT), PROBLEM: observer interpretation
Describe how the trait approach to personality has changed over time
Started with looking for adjectives that could describe personality- highest levels are called FACTORS
Narrowed it down from 16,000 to 5
Allport
idea that we can describe people in terms of traits
Cattell
16 factory theory of personality
Eysenck
3 major traits (extroversion, neuroticism (emotional stable), psychoticism (impulsive or hostile))
Big Five Factor Model
- Openness to Experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Explain the biological basis for personality traits.
Genetics: people with more similar personalities have more common genes- not due to parenting differences
Traits in the Brain: difference due to cortical arousal in reticular formation
extraverts- seek social interaction to stimulate (Behavioral Activation System (BAS) is go system)
introverts- seek quieter activities because they are stimulated more easily (Behavior Inhibition System (BIS) stop system)
Explain how defense mechanisms reduce anxiety
reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses (our unconscious impulses that are not acceptable to act upon)
Describe the humanistic-existential approach to personality
Humanistic: positive view of human nature
Existentialist: individual as a responsible agent free to create life or death
Focus son self actualization tendency: human motivation to realizing our inner potential
we need to orient around the right goals for us (want to live in the flow area so that we are challenged to our abelites but not board or anxious)
Existential approach: personality governed by choices in the context of realities of life and death
proposes that personality develops as a person strives for personal growth, while at the same time negotiating the reality of death.
Explain the role of self-actualization and angst in personality development.
Self Actualization: need life to match goals to be happy, want to be in the flow
Angst: anxiety of accepting the responsibility of making free choices
being loved can relive the angst
Describe the social-cognitive approach to personality
personality in terms of how a person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them
core: person-situation controversy (is behavior personality or situational factors) BOTH, come situation are more powerful than others
Explain how personal constructs are key to personality differences.
Personal Constructs: dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences
different responses to situations with the idea that people experience and interpret the world in different ways
Describe the features that make up the self-concept
Self Concept: person’s explicit knowledge of his own behaviors traits and characteristics
- Self Narrative (story we tell about ourselves)
- Personality Traits (how you judge yourself)
These are not always well integrated.
As we age, we care less about what other people think about us.
Identify three possible reasons we desire self-esteem.
- Social Status
- Belonging
- Secutiry
Reciprocal determinism
!
cardinal and secondary traits
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surface and source traits
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Jeffrey Gray - BAS/BIS
BAS= go system, extraverts more sensitive
BIS= stop system, introverts more sensitive
