Chapter 8 - Memory

Question 1

Memory - three processes

Answer 1

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

Getting information into short term memory

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

Retaitaining memories for future use

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

Recapturing memories when we need them

Question 5

Information-Processing Model

Answer 5

Information passes through encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 6

Parallel Distributed-Processing Model

Answer 6

information in the brain is stored as a neural network

Question 7

Iconic memory

Answer 7

what we see

Question 8

Echoic memory

Answer 8

what we hear

Question 9

What is working memory

Answer 9

Short term

Question 10

How long can short term hold information

Answer 10

30 seconds

Question 11

How much capacity can short term hold

Answer 11

5-9 items

Question 12

What happens when we encode the information

Answer 12

it enters long-term and is stored forever

Question 13

Connectionist Model

Answer 13

Memories are in a network in the brain (apple, seed, round, red, tree)

Question 14

How to move things to long-term

Answer 14

pay attention and encode it

Question 15

Automatic processing

Answer 15

remembering something without awareness and effort

Question 16

Effortful processing

Answer 16

remembering something with conscious effort

Question 17

Sensory memory

Answer 17

memory of detailed brief sensory images (flash a photo, car passing by)

Question 18

Rehearsal

Answer 18

repeating information to make sure it is encoded

Question 18

Working memory

Answer 18

short-term to store information relevant to the present

Question 19

Long term memory

Answer 19

all information gathered (skills, people we know, past feeling)

Question 19

Spaced practice effect

Answer 19

moving memories into long-term by rehearsing over time

Question 20

Phonological

Answer 20

encoding based on sound

Question 21

Visual

Answer 21

Encoding based on visuals (photographic memory)

Question 22

Semantic

Answer 22

encoding based on meaning of info

Question 23

Methods for effortful encoding

Answer 23

- Understanding - Elaborate (explaining to someone) - Mnemonic devices - Chunking - PQRST - Schemas

Question 24

PQRST Method

Answer 24

Preview, question, read, self-recite, test

Question 25

Schemas

Answer 25

organizing new information into categories pre made from previous experience

Question 26

What happens to memories in short term?

Answer 26

Either goes to long term or is lost forever

Question 27

Memory span

Answer 27

max number of items that can be recalled in correct order

Question 28

Explicit memory

Answer 28

memory we can consciously bring to mind (home address)

Question 29

Implicit memory

Answer 29

memory we are not consciously aware of (motor skills

Question 30

types of explicit memory

Answer 30

semantic, episodic

Question 31

semantic memory

Answer 31

general knowledge of the world

Question 31

episodic memory

Answer 31

personal episodes and pov

Question 32

Serial position effect

Answer 32

more likely to remember events from the beginning and end of a list

Question 33

Retrieval cues

Answer 33

words or sights that remind us of information we need to retrieve

Question 33

Priming

Answer 33

a piece of information helps us retrieve other related memories

Question 34

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 34

Original location or situation where we learned things

Question 35

Context effects

Answer 35

we can remember things better where we first learned them

Question 36

Recognition and recall

Answer 36

recognition tasks are easier to than recall tasks (mc vs short answer)

Question 36

State dependent memory

Answer 36

you can remember things better when you are in the same state of mind where you learned it

Question 37

Flashbulb memories

Answer 37

detailed memories connected to a emotionally significant event (9-11 or Covid)

Question 38

Decay theory

Answer 38

memory traces fade overtime

Question 39

Forgetting curve

Answer 39

we forget rapidly if not repeated

Question 40

Interference

Answer 40

Forgetting is influenced by what happens before or after they take information

Question 41

Proactive interference

Answer 41

old info interferes with new info

Question 41

Retroactive interference

Answer 41

new info interferes with old info

Question 42

Repression

Answer 42

process of wanting to forget something that could cause trauma

Question 42

motivated forgetting

Answer 42

wanting to forget unpleasant, painful, or embarassing info

Question 43

Imagination

Answer 43

memories can be distorted from our imagination

Question 43

Source misattribution

Answer 43

remembering something but not where it came from

Question 44

Misinformation

Answer 44

can lead to false memories

Question 45

Pre-frontal cortex

Answer 45

important for short term memory

Question 46

Hippocampus

Answer 46

important to transfer memories into long-term

Question 47

Memory consolidation

Answer 47

process where memories stabilize in the brain

Question 48

Potentiation

Answer 48

networks of cells firing together

Question 49

Long term potential

Answer 49

repeated stimulation increases likelihood of cells responding to stimulation

Question 50

Infantile amnesia

Answer 50

- memory before four years old - we remember places and faces but not life events - hippocampus develops slowly

Question 51

When does memory decline begin

Answer 51

in our 20s

Question 52

Prospective memory

Answer 52

ability to remember content for the future

Question 53

Retrospective memory

Answer 53

ability to remember content from the past

Question 54

Amnesic disorder

Answer 54

memory loss is the primary symptom

Question 55

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 55

cannot form new memories

Question 56

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 56

cannot remember things before amnesia (who am I)

Question 57

Dementia

Answer 57

severe memory problem combined with loss of cognitive function such as abstract thinking or language

Question 58

Alzheimer's

Answer 58

most common form of dementia