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Psych 100 > Chapter 8 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory - three processes

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval

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2
Q

Encoding

A

Getting information into short term memory

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3
Q

Storage

A

Retaitaining memories for future use

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

Recapturing memories when we need them

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5
Q

Information-Processing Model

A

Information passes through encoding, storage, and retrieval

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6
Q

Parallel Distributed-Processing Model

A

information in the brain is stored as a neural network

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7
Q

Iconic memory

A

what we see

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8
Q

Echoic memory

A

what we hear

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9
Q

What is working memory

A

Short term

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10
Q

How long can short term hold information

A

30 seconds

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11
Q

How much capacity can short term hold

A

5-9 items

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12
Q

What happens when we encode the information

A

it enters long-term and is stored forever

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13
Q

Connectionist Model

A

Memories are in a network in the brain (apple, seed, round, red, tree)

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14
Q

How to move things to long-term

A

pay attention and encode it

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15
Q

Automatic processing

A

remembering something without awareness and effort

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16
Q

Effortful processing

A

remembering something with conscious effort

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17
Q

Sensory memory

A

memory of detailed brief sensory images (flash a photo, car passing by)

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18
Q

Rehearsal

A

repeating information to make sure it is encoded

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18
Q

Working memory

A

short-term to store information relevant to the present

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19
Q

Long term memory

A

all information gathered (skills, people we know, past feeling)

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19
Q

Spaced practice effect

A

moving memories into long-term by rehearsing over time

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20
Q

Phonological

A

encoding based on sound

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21
Q

Visual

A

Encoding based on visuals (photographic memory)

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22
Q

Semantic

A

encoding based on meaning of info

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23
Q

Methods for effortful encoding

A
  • Understanding
  • Elaborate (explaining to someone)
  • Mnemonic devices
  • Chunking
  • PQRST
  • Schemas
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24
Q

PQRST Method

A

Preview, question, read, self-recite, test

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25
Q

Schemas

A

organizing new information into categories pre made from previous experience

26
Q

What happens to memories in short term?

A

Either goes to long term or is lost forever

27
Q

Memory span

A

max number of items that can be recalled in correct order

28
Q

Explicit memory

A

memory we can consciously bring to mind (home address)

29
Q

Implicit memory

A

memory we are not consciously aware of (motor skills

30
Q

types of explicit memory

A

semantic, episodic

31
Q

semantic memory

A

general knowledge of the world

31
Q

episodic memory

A

personal episodes and pov

32
Q

Serial position effect

A

more likely to remember events from the beginning and end of a list

33
Q

Retrieval cues

A

words or sights that remind us of information we need to retrieve

33
Q

Priming

A

a piece of information helps us retrieve other related memories

34
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

Original location or situation where we learned things

35
Q

Context effects

A

we can remember things better where we first learned them

36
Q

Recognition and recall

A

recognition tasks are easier to than recall tasks (mc vs short answer)

36
Q

State dependent memory

A

you can remember things better when you are in the same state of mind where you learned it

37
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

detailed memories connected to a emotionally significant event (9-11 or Covid)

38
Q

Decay theory

A

memory traces fade overtime

39
Q

Forgetting curve

A

we forget rapidly if not repeated

40
Q

Interference

A

Forgetting is influenced by what happens before or after they take information

41
Q

Proactive interference

A

old info interferes with new info

41
Q

Retroactive interference

A

new info interferes with old info

42
Q

Repression

A

process of wanting to forget something that could cause trauma

42
Q

motivated forgetting

A

wanting to forget unpleasant, painful, or embarassing info

43
Q

Imagination

A

memories can be distorted from our imagination

43
Q

Source misattribution

A

remembering something but not where it came from

44
Q

Misinformation

A

can lead to false memories

45
Q

Pre-frontal cortex

A

important for short term memory

46
Q

Hippocampus

A

important to transfer memories into long-term

47
Q

Memory consolidation

A

process where memories stabilize in the brain

48
Q

Potentiation

A

networks of cells firing together

49
Q

Long term potential

A

repeated stimulation increases likelihood of cells responding to stimulation

50
Q

Infantile amnesia

A
  • memory before four years old
  • we remember places and faces but not life events
  • hippocampus develops slowly
51
Q

When does memory decline begin

A

in our 20s

52
Q

Prospective memory

A

ability to remember content for the future

53
Q

Retrospective memory

A

ability to remember content from the past

54
Q

Amnesic disorder

A

memory loss is the primary symptom

55
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

cannot form new memories

56
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

cannot remember things before amnesia (who am I)

57
Q

Dementia

A

severe memory problem combined with loss of cognitive function such as abstract thinking or language

58
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

most common form of dementia

Psych 100 (7 decks)

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