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Psych 100 > Chapter 11 - Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

Internal process that directs behavior

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2
Q

Motive

A

need or desire

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3
Q

Instinct theory

A

Theory for motivation - behavior is motivated by instincts (a bird building a nest) automatic and innate

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4
Q

Drive reduction

A

Theory of motivation - we behave to maintain bodily equilibrium (thirst or hunger) response to biological need

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5
Q

Arousal theory

A

Theory of motivation - body is motivated to achieve arousal (watching a thriller movie or doing a calm activity to increase or decrease arousal)

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6
Q

Incentive Theory

A

Theory of motivation - behavior is motivated by intrinsic or extrinsic rewards (child avoiding punishment, or getting good grades) grades, money, recognition

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7
Q

Hierarchy of needs theory

A

Theory of motivation -
Behavior is motivated in levels
(physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization)

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8
Q

What Behavior is Instinct Theory good at explaining

A

Mating, feeling from danger, curiosity, attachment and being social.

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9
Q

What Behavior is Instinct Theory bad at explaining

A

Learned behaviors, culturally influenced behaviors - anything that is not an instinct

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10
Q

Homeostasis

A

The bodily balance - we always seek to restore it

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11
Q

Arousal theory helps explain…

A

Thrill-seeking, dangerous behavior, craving gossip and weird news stories

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11
Q

What Behavior is drive reduction good at explaining

A

Basic survival - eating, drinking, sleeping, pain avoidance, sexual drive

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12
Q

What Behavior is drive reduction bad at explaining

A

Emotional needs, behaviors that reward in the long term, behaviors for enjoyment and pleasure

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13
Q

Arousal theory is not the best to explain

A

Long term goal oriented behavior, biological needs, routines

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14
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Harder tasks are better completed with less arousal
Simple tasks are better completed with higher arousal

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15
Q

Primary incentive

A

innate rewards or punishments (food, pain)

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16
Q

Secondary incentives

A

Rewards we’ve been conditioned to value - money, praise

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17
Q

Incentive theory explains…

A

Value for money, grades and praise

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18
Q

Incentive theory doesn’t explain…

A

Leaves out internal emotions

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19
Q

Physiological needs

A

survival - food, water, sex

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20
Q

Safety needs

A

need for safety and secure

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21
Q

Belonging and love needs

A

need for close relationships with others

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22
Q

Esteem needs

A

need to feel good about yourself

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23
Q

Self-actualization needs

A

to reach max potential

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24
Q

Hierarchy of needs does not explain…

A

selfless acts, addictive behavior

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25
Q

Why is drinking water important for the body?

A

to maintain volume or water and ion-to-water balance

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26
Q

What percentage of our bodies are made up of water?

A

60%

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27
Q

What does lateral hypothalamus signal?

A

Hunger and thirst

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28
Q

Glucose

A

Blood sugar

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29
Q

Lipids

A

Produced when body breaks down fats from food

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30
Q

Leptin

A

Released from fat cells as they grow

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31
Q

Ventromedial region of hypothalamus (VMH)

A

Signals satiety (fullness)

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32
Q

Dysfunction of Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Can’t sense when the body is full

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33
Q

Prader-Willi syndrome

A

Unstoppable appetite - result of dysfunction in hypothalamus

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34
Q

Body weight set point

A

a weight that people return to (even after dieting or overeating)

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35
Q

How can body weight set point change

A

through permanent eating and exercise changes

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36
Q

Obesity

A

Body mass index (BMI) over 30

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37
Q

Body mass index (BMI)

A

weight-to-height ratio

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38
Q

Causes of obesity

A

genetics, socioeconomic status, psychological regulation

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39
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Eating disorder - under eating

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40
Q

Anorexia nervosa treatment

A

Family therapy, nutritional counselling, hospitalization

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41
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

Binge-eating then purging it through laxatives or inducing vomiting

42
Q

Causes of Bulimia nervosa

A

obsessive-compulsiveness, anxiety, depression, self-harming behaviors

43
Q

bulimia treatment

A

antidepressants, developing healthy views of eating, reward healthy behaviors

44
Q

Binge eating

A

Out of control eating a big amount of food in one sitting

45
Q

Treatment for binge eating

A

Antidepressants, cognitive behavioral therapy

46
Q

What we look for when choosing a mate

A

Symmetry, hip-to-waist ratio and behavioral traits

47
Q

biological motivation of sex

A

for your species - heritage to continue to survive

48
Q

What brain region is activated when thinking of a romantic partner

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

49
Q

When is the VTA activated

A

early-stage intense romantic love and when looking at a photo of a loved one with no sexual interest

50
Q

What do men desire in a mate

A

increased odds of reproductive success

51
Q

Sexual orientation

A

attraction to a gender

51
Q

What do females look at in a mate?

A

ability to provide and protect children

52
Q

4 phenomena of sexual orientation

A

1) Sexual Behavior
2) Sexual identity
3) Sexual attraction
4) sexual arousal

53
Q

Sexual behavior

A

range of sexual behavior someone engages in

54
Q

Sexual identity

A

how a person thinks of themselves and sex orientation

55
Q

Sexual attraction

A

who someone is sexually attracted to

56
Q

Sexual arousal

A

how much someone is sexually aroused

56
Q

Conscious motivations

A

motivations people are aware of and can verbalize

57
Q

Unconscious motivations

A

People are unaware and cannot verbalize

58
Q

Implicit Association Task

A

Studies implicit attitudes of bias’ and prejudice people don’t know they have

59
Q

Thematic Apperception Task

A

Studies unconscious emotional aspects by asking people to tell a story based on a picture

60
Q

Hedonic principle

A

avoid pain and approach pleasure

61
Q

Avoidance motivation

A

trying to avoid a a punishment after a behavior

62
Q

Approach motivation

A

trying to gain a positive outcome after a certain behavior

63
Q

Loss aversion

A

motivation to avoid a loss rather than gain even if hey are equal

64
Q

How is gambling a loss aversion?

A

Trying to win back losses because they would rather try avoiding to lose more money rather than have the pleasure of stopping

65
Q

Intrinsic

A

internal motivation

66
Q

Amotivation

A

having no motivation

66
Q

extrinsic

A

external motivation

67
Q

Growth mindset

A

believing hard work and effort can achieve your goals

68
Q

Fixed mindset

A

talent is innate and cannot be enhanced with hard work

69
Q

Grit

A

Long term perseverance towards a goal

70
Q

Affiliation

A

human desire to form attachments with other people

71
Q

Benefits of affiliation

A

increase self-esteem, less depression, live loger

72
Q

Drawbacks of affiliation

A

staying in abusive relationship, isolation causes psychological damage, social exclusion illuminates same brain regions as physical pain

73
Q

Self determination theory

A

being internally motivated to learn new things associated with competition

74
Q

Delayed gratification

A

Working for a long term goal where the benefits will come later on

75
Q

Emotion

A

inner state in response to an event

76
Q

Four components of emotion

A

Physiological, cognitive, physical, emotional

77
Q

Cognitive/Feeling emotion

A

thought processes and interpreting information (someone bumping into you could be seen as an accident or on purpose)

77
Q

Physiological emotion

A

bodily changes - heart rate, temperature

78
Q

Physical/behavioral

A

expression (body language) - smiling, laughing

79
Q

Emotional/behavioural

A

keeping the emotion (happiness signals satisfaction so you continue engaging in activities that make you feel that way)

80
Q

Ways to measure emotion

A

Behaviour display
Self-reports
Psychophysiological reactions

81
Q

Behavioural display of emotion

A

observing behavior and facial expressions

82
Q

how effective are self-reports of emotion

A

not very effective due to participant bias

83
Q

Psychophysiological reactions examples

A

Heart rate, skin conductance, fMRI

84
Q

What are the three functions of emotions

A

cognitive, behavioral, social

85
Q

Action tendencies

A

having the urge to act in a certain way depending the emotion your are feelings (crying when sad, yelling when mad)

86
Q

What are cognitive functions of emotions

A

how emotions shape our thoughts and behaviors

87
Q

Behavioural functions of emotions

A

Emotions affect behavior

88
Q

Social functions of emotions

A

Improve relationships and allow connection through empathy

89
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

emotions are caused by physiological changes - emotions do not cause physiological changes

90
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

Emotion and a physical state happen at the same time - not caused by one another (fear and shaking occur simultaneously)

91
Q

Schachter and Singer’s Two -Factor theory

A

Emotion stems from both physiological changes and how we interpret the situation

92
Q

Cognitive-mediational theory

A

emotions depend solely on how you interpret the information (dog comes running - if you think it’s dangerous you feel fear it you don’t see it as a threat, you feel excited)

93
Q

Facial-feedback theory

A

emotions are influenced by facial muscle activity

94
Q

Duchenne smile

A

real/genuine smile

95
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Emotions are passed down for survival reasons

96
Q

Basic emotions

A

A type of emotion felt by everyone despite cultural differences

97
Q

Positive psychology

A

studies positive feelings, traits, abilities, and virtues

98
Q

Happy people tend to have high…

A

self-esteem, spiritual, goal directed and have control over their lives

Psych 100 (8 decks)

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