Chapter 11 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Motivation
Internal process that directs behavior
Motive
need or desire
Instinct theory
Theory for motivation - behavior is motivated by instincts (a bird building a nest) automatic and innate
Drive reduction
Theory of motivation - we behave to maintain bodily equilibrium (thirst or hunger) response to biological need
Arousal theory
Theory of motivation - body is motivated to achieve arousal (watching a thriller movie or doing a calm activity to increase or decrease arousal)
Incentive Theory
Theory of motivation - behavior is motivated by intrinsic or extrinsic rewards (child avoiding punishment, or getting good grades) grades, money, recognition
Hierarchy of needs theory
Theory of motivation -
Behavior is motivated in levels
(physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization)
What Behavior is Instinct Theory good at explaining
Mating, feeling from danger, curiosity, attachment and being social.
What Behavior is Instinct Theory bad at explaining
Learned behaviors, culturally influenced behaviors - anything that is not an instinct
Homeostasis
The bodily balance - we always seek to restore it
Arousal theory helps explain…
Thrill-seeking, dangerous behavior, craving gossip and weird news stories
What Behavior is drive reduction good at explaining
Basic survival - eating, drinking, sleeping, pain avoidance, sexual drive
What Behavior is drive reduction bad at explaining
Emotional needs, behaviors that reward in the long term, behaviors for enjoyment and pleasure
Arousal theory is not the best to explain
Long term goal oriented behavior, biological needs, routines
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Harder tasks are better completed with less arousal
Simple tasks are better completed with higher arousal
Primary incentive
innate rewards or punishments (food, pain)
Secondary incentives
Rewards we’ve been conditioned to value - money, praise
Incentive theory explains…
Value for money, grades and praise
Incentive theory doesn’t explain…
Leaves out internal emotions
Physiological needs
survival - food, water, sex
Safety needs
need for safety and secure
Belonging and love needs
need for close relationships with others
Esteem needs
need to feel good about yourself
Self-actualization needs
to reach max potential
Hierarchy of needs does not explain…
selfless acts, addictive behavior
Why is drinking water important for the body?
to maintain volume or water and ion-to-water balance
What percentage of our bodies are made up of water?
60%
What does lateral hypothalamus signal?
Hunger and thirst
Glucose
Blood sugar
Lipids
Produced when body breaks down fats from food
Leptin
Released from fat cells as they grow
Ventromedial region of hypothalamus (VMH)
Signals satiety (fullness)
Dysfunction of Ventromedial hypothalamus
Can’t sense when the body is full
Prader-Willi syndrome
Unstoppable appetite - result of dysfunction in hypothalamus
Body weight set point
a weight that people return to (even after dieting or overeating)
How can body weight set point change
through permanent eating and exercise changes
Obesity
Body mass index (BMI) over 30
Body mass index (BMI)
weight-to-height ratio
Causes of obesity
genetics, socioeconomic status, psychological regulation
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder - under eating
Anorexia nervosa treatment
Family therapy, nutritional counselling, hospitalization
Bulimia nervosa
Binge-eating then purging it through laxatives or inducing vomiting
Causes of Bulimia nervosa
obsessive-compulsiveness, anxiety, depression, self-harming behaviors
bulimia treatment
antidepressants, developing healthy views of eating, reward healthy behaviors
Binge eating
Out of control eating a big amount of food in one sitting
Treatment for binge eating
Antidepressants, cognitive behavioral therapy
What we look for when choosing a mate
Symmetry, hip-to-waist ratio and behavioral traits
biological motivation of sex
for your species - heritage to continue to survive
What brain region is activated when thinking of a romantic partner
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
When is the VTA activated
early-stage intense romantic love and when looking at a photo of a loved one with no sexual interest
What do men desire in a mate
increased odds of reproductive success
Sexual orientation
attraction to a gender
What do females look at in a mate?
ability to provide and protect children
4 phenomena of sexual orientation
1) Sexual Behavior
2) Sexual identity
3) Sexual attraction
4) sexual arousal
Sexual behavior
range of sexual behavior someone engages in
Sexual identity
how a person thinks of themselves and sex orientation
Sexual attraction
who someone is sexually attracted to
Sexual arousal
how much someone is sexually aroused
Conscious motivations
motivations people are aware of and can verbalize
Unconscious motivations
People are unaware and cannot verbalize
Implicit Association Task
Studies implicit attitudes of bias’ and prejudice people don’t know they have
Thematic Apperception Task
Studies unconscious emotional aspects by asking people to tell a story based on a picture
Hedonic principle
avoid pain and approach pleasure
Avoidance motivation
trying to avoid a a punishment after a behavior
Approach motivation
trying to gain a positive outcome after a certain behavior
Loss aversion
motivation to avoid a loss rather than gain even if hey are equal
How is gambling a loss aversion?
Trying to win back losses because they would rather try avoiding to lose more money rather than have the pleasure of stopping
Intrinsic
internal motivation
Amotivation
having no motivation
extrinsic
external motivation
Growth mindset
believing hard work and effort can achieve your goals
Fixed mindset
talent is innate and cannot be enhanced with hard work
Grit
Long term perseverance towards a goal
Affiliation
human desire to form attachments with other people
Benefits of affiliation
increase self-esteem, less depression, live loger
Drawbacks of affiliation
staying in abusive relationship, isolation causes psychological damage, social exclusion illuminates same brain regions as physical pain
Self determination theory
being internally motivated to learn new things associated with competition
Delayed gratification
Working for a long term goal where the benefits will come later on
Emotion
inner state in response to an event
Four components of emotion
Physiological, cognitive, physical, emotional
Cognitive/Feeling emotion
thought processes and interpreting information (someone bumping into you could be seen as an accident or on purpose)
Physiological emotion
bodily changes - heart rate, temperature
Physical/behavioral
expression (body language) - smiling, laughing
Emotional/behavioural
keeping the emotion (happiness signals satisfaction so you continue engaging in activities that make you feel that way)
Ways to measure emotion
Behaviour display
Self-reports
Psychophysiological reactions
Behavioural display of emotion
observing behavior and facial expressions
how effective are self-reports of emotion
not very effective due to participant bias
Psychophysiological reactions examples
Heart rate, skin conductance, fMRI
What are the three functions of emotions
cognitive, behavioral, social
Action tendencies
having the urge to act in a certain way depending the emotion your are feelings (crying when sad, yelling when mad)
What are cognitive functions of emotions
how emotions shape our thoughts and behaviors
Behavioural functions of emotions
Emotions affect behavior
Social functions of emotions
Improve relationships and allow connection through empathy
James-Lange Theory
emotions are caused by physiological changes - emotions do not cause physiological changes
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotion and a physical state happen at the same time - not caused by one another (fear and shaking occur simultaneously)
Schachter and Singer’s Two -Factor theory
Emotion stems from both physiological changes and how we interpret the situation
Cognitive-mediational theory
emotions depend solely on how you interpret the information (dog comes running - if you think it’s dangerous you feel fear it you don’t see it as a threat, you feel excited)
Facial-feedback theory
emotions are influenced by facial muscle activity
Duchenne smile
real/genuine smile
Evolutionary theory
Emotions are passed down for survival reasons
Basic emotions
A type of emotion felt by everyone despite cultural differences
Positive psychology
studies positive feelings, traits, abilities, and virtues
Happy people tend to have high…
self-esteem, spiritual, goal directed and have control over their lives
