Chapter 2 - Scientific Method

Question 1

Deductive reasoning

Answer 1

making a hypothesis based on previous knowledge to create specific conclusions. (educated guess)

Question 2

Inductive reasoning

Answer 2

Using specific details to come up with conclusions

Question 3

Empirical

Answer 3

Something that can be tested in objective ways

Question 4

Theories

Answer 4

Ideas about laws and how the world works

Question 5

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Answer 5

Testing educated guesses in the form of experiments and controlled observations

Question 6

Hypotheses

Answer 6

Prediction statement that can be proven right or wrong

Question 7

Psychology

Answer 7

Using scientific method to understand the humans’ mental processes

Question 8

Pseudopsychology

Answer 8

Not using the scientific method to make comments about mental processes (horoscopes)

Question 9

Positive psychology

Answer 9

Focusing on positive aspects of psychology - how to make lives more fulfilling

Question 10

Multiple influences

Answer 10

idea that behavior cannot be explained by only one factor

Question 11

Thoughts vs Behavior

Answer 11

Thoughts - cannot be observed directly
Behavior - can be observed directly

Question 12

4 goals of psych

Answer 12

describe, explain, predict, and change or control behaviors

Question 13

Variable

Answer 13

Condition, event, or situation that can be studied

Question 14

Independent variable

Answer 14

Can be controlled and manipulated

Question 15

Dependent variable

Answer 15

Thing we are observing -changed by independent variable

Question 16

Operationalized

Answer 16

How the researcher decides to measure their observations

Question 17

Step one in research

Answer 17

Identify questions

Question 18

Step 2 in research

Answer 18

Develop hypoethesis

Question 19

Step 3 in research

Answer 19

1) Select research method
2) Choose participants
3) Collect data

Question 20

Step 4 in research

Answer 20

Analyze the data - reject/accept hypothesis

Question 21

Step 5 in research

Answer 21

Seek scientific review, publish

Question 22

Step 6 in research

Answer 22

Build a theory

Question 23

Sample

Answer 23

Part of the population that is studied in research

Question 24

Population

Answer 24

Entire group of interet

Question 25

Random selection

Answer 25

Everyone in the population must have an equal chance of being chosen

Question 26

Sampling bias

Answer 26

Selecting a group likely to confirm hypothesis

Question 27

Descriptive Research

Answer 27

Case study, naturalistic observation, survey

Question 28

Experimental research

Answer 28

Manipulation and control variables

Question 29

Case study

Answer 29

Intensive study of one person

Question 30

Case study - Advantage

Answer 30

Can develop ideas about phenomena

Question 31

Case study - disadvantage

Answer 31

Bias, cannot generalize results

Question 32

Naturalistic observation

Answer 32

directly observing people to see their natural behavior

Question 33

Naturalistic - Advantage

Answer 33

accurately reflects human behavior

Question 34

Naturalistic - disadvantage

Answer 34

Bias, hawthorne effect

Question 35

Hawthorne Effect

Answer 35

Participants won't behave naturally when they know they are being observed

Question 36

Survey's

Answer 36

Questionnaires or interviews

Question 37

Survey - Advantage

Answer 37

Good for gathering information, measure relationship strength between variables

Question 38

Survey disadvantage

Answer 38

Participant bias

Question 39

Experimental research - advantage

Answer 39

establish cause and effect, eliminates outside influences

Question 40

Experimental research - disadvantage

Answer 40

can be unethical, not generalizable

Question 41

Experimental group

Answer 41

group exposed to manipulated environment (IV)

Question 42

Control group

Answer 42

the group used to compare how the IV changes the DV

Question 43

Random assignment

Answer 43

balances groups without bias

Question 44

Double-blind procedure

Answer 44

neither the participant nor researcher knows who is in which group

Question 45

Statistics

Answer 45

measures relationships between variables

Question 46

Correlation

Answer 46

Show how two or more things are related to each other

Question 47

Correlation coefficient

Answer 47

Stats that have strength in a relationship between two variables

Question 48

Positive correlation

Answer 48

one variable increases and the other decreases

Question 49

Negative correlation

Answer 49

one variable increases the other decreases

Question 50

Perfect positive relationship

Answer 50

+1.00

Question 51

Perfect negative relationship

Answer 51

-1.00

Question 52

Mean

Answer 52

Average of the scores

Question 53

Standard deviation

Answer 53

Differences in participants scores

Question 54

Replication

Answer 54

testing a hypothesis multiple times

Question 55

Research ethics board

Answer 55

Ethic police - oversee experiments

Question 56

Ethics guidelines

Answer 56

1) Obtain consent 2) Protect participants privacy