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Psych 100 > Chapter 2 - Scientific Method > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Scientific Method Flashcards

Psychology as a Science - Chapter 2

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1
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

making a hypothesis based on previous knowledge to create specific conclusions. (educated guess)

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2
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Using specific details to come up with conclusions

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3
Q

Empirical

A

Something that can be tested in objective ways

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4
Q

Theories

A

Ideas about laws and how the world works

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5
Q

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

A

Testing educated guesses in the form of experiments and controlled observations

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6
Q

Hypotheses

A

Prediction statement that can be proven right or wrong

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7
Q

Psychology

A

Using scientific method to understand the humans’ mental processes

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8
Q

Pseudopsychology

A

Not using the scientific method to make comments about mental processes (horoscopes)

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9
Q

Positive psychology

A

Focusing on positive aspects of psychology - how to make lives more fulfilling

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10
Q

Multiple influences

A

idea that behavior cannot be explained by only one factor

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11
Q

Thoughts vs Behavior

A

Thoughts - cannot be observed directly
Behavior - can be observed directly

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12
Q

4 goals of psych

A

describe, explain, predict, and change or control behaviors

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13
Q

Variable

A

Condition, event, or situation that can be studied

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14
Q

Independent variable

A

Can be controlled and manipulated

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15
Q

Dependent variable

A

Thing we are observing -changed by independent variable

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16
Q

Operationalized

A

How the researcher decides to measure their observations

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17
Q

Step one in research

A

Identify questions

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18
Q

Step 2 in research

A

Develop hypoethesis

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19
Q

Step 3 in research

A

1) Select research method
2) Choose participants
3) Collect data

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20
Q

Step 4 in research

A

Analyze the data - reject/accept hypothesis

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21
Q

Step 5 in research

A

Seek scientific review, publish

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22
Q

Step 6 in research

A

Build a theory

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23
Q

Sample

A

Part of the population that is studied in research

24
Q

Population

A

Entire group of interet

25
Q

Random selection

A

Everyone in the population must have an equal chance of being chosen

26
Q

Sampling bias

A

Selecting a group likely to confirm hypothesis

27
Q

Descriptive Research

A

Case study, naturalistic observation, survey

28
Q

Experimental research

A

Manipulation and control variables

29
Q

Case study

A

Intensive study of one person

30
Q

Case study - Advantage

A

Can develop ideas about phenomena

31
Q

Case study - disadvantage

A

Bias, cannot generalize results

32
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

directly observing people to see their natural behavior

33
Q

Naturalistic - Advantage

A

accurately reflects human behavior

34
Q

Naturalistic - disadvantage

A

Bias, hawthorne effect

35
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Participants won’t behave naturally when they know they are being observed

36
Q

Survey’s

A

Questionnaires or interviews

37
Q

Survey - Advantage

A

Good for gathering information, measure relationship strength between variables

38
Q

Survey disadvantage

A

Participant bias

39
Q

Experimental research - advantage

A

establish cause and effect, eliminates outside influences

40
Q

Experimental research - disadvantage

A

can be unethical, not generalizable

41
Q

Experimental group

A

group exposed to manipulated environment (IV)

42
Q

Control group

A

the group used to compare how the IV changes the DV

43
Q

Random assignment

A

balances groups without bias

44
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

neither the participant nor researcher knows who is in which group

45
Q

Statistics

A

measures relationships between variables

46
Q

Correlation

A

Show how two or more things are related to each other

47
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Stats that have strength in a relationship between two variables

48
Q

Positive correlation

A

one variable increases and the other decreases

49
Q

Negative correlation

A

one variable increases the other decreases

50
Q

Perfect positive relationship

A

+1.00

51
Q

Perfect negative relationship

A

-1.00

52
Q

Mean

A

Average of the scores

53
Q

Standard deviation

A

Differences in participants scores

54
Q

Replication

A

testing a hypothesis multiple times

55
Q

Research ethics board

A

Ethic police - oversee experiments

56
Q

Ethics guidelines

A

1) Obtain consent
2) Protect participants privacy

Psych 100 (3 decks)

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