Chapter 5 - Sensory and Perception Flashcards by Radha Jindal

Sensation definition

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Perception definition

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Sensory receptor cells

converts stimuli into neural impulses

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Sensory transduction

Process of converting stimuli into neural impulses

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Absolute threshold

smallest/lowest amount of stimulus someone can detect

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Difference threshold

minimal difference needed to notice a change in stimulus

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Signal detection theory

Responses depend on ability to register noise

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Sensory adaptation

Being able to tune out certain noises or feelings

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Bottom-up processing

converting stimuli into neural impulse - taking individual data points of visual stimuli to create an image

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Top-down processing

matching data points to previous knowledge

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Perceptual set

being able to interpret stimulus in certain ways (duck/rabbit)

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Odourants

Airborne chemicals we detect as odour

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Olfactory receptor neurons

Converts chemical signals from odourants into neural impulses to travel to brain

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Papillae

bumps on tongue that contain clumps of taste buds

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Taste buds

cluster that converts chemical signals from food to impulse

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5 taste receptors on tongue

sweet, sour, bitter, salt, umami

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Umami

Taste of monosodium glutamate

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a reason some foods are rejected

texture

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Senses at birth

Smell and taste are well-developed at birth for mothers milk

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Ageusia

inability to taste

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anosmia

inability to detect odor

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hyposmia

reduced ability to smell

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reflex epilepsy

seizure when exposed to specific odor

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migraine headaches

odors can trigger migraine

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tactile system 5 senses

pressure, touch, temperature, vibration, pain

Free nerve ending location

surface of skin

free nerve ending function

detect touch, pressure, pain, temperature

Meissner's corpuscles location

fingertips, lips, palms (hairless skin area)

Meissner's corpuscles function

convert info about sensitive touch

Merkel's discs location

surface of skin

Merkel's discs function

convert info about light pressure against skin

Ruffini's end-organs location

deep in skin

Ruffini's end-organs function

Pacinian corpuscles location

deep in skin

Pacinian corpuscles function

respond to vibration

Perceiving touch

touch receptor - spinal cord - thalamus - somatosensory cortex

Fast pathway

sharp fast pain - travels along myelinated neurons to the brain

Slow pathway

slow burning pain - communicates with brain regions involved in emotion processing

Gate control theory of pain

closing a ate that prevents messages of pain - rubbing elbow after hitting it

No pain (familial dysautonomia

genetic condition where people are unable to detect pain - could be dangerous since you cannot feel bleeding out

Phantom limb sensation

hallucinations of touch, pressure, vibration, or pain in a part of the body that doesn't exist anymore

Sound waves

Vibrations of the air in the frequency of hearing

Frequence

Determines pitch

Amplitude

Magnitude/loudness

Tonotopic map

Map of different frequencies in areas of the auditory cortex

Frequency theory

Sound is matched to the same nerve impulses (100Hz = 100 impulses/second)

place theory

different sound frequencies activate different regions of the basilar membrane

Absolute pitch

perfect pitch - able to recognize and produce any musical note

Sound adaptation

ears contract and become less sensitive to unimportant information

Cocktail party effect

brain picks up on relevant sounds in noisy environments

General loudness

loud sounds seem closer

Loudness in each ear

The ear which is closer to the sound hears it louder than the other ear

Timing

sound waves will reach the closer ear first

Why do babies prefer mother's speech

They have been hearing it for the entire pregnancy and find comfort and familiarity in it

Deafness

loss of hearing (partial or complete)

Tinnitus

Ringing in ear

Iris

coloured part of the eye

Lens

brings things into focus

Photoreceptors

Located in retina, contains rods and cones

Rods

Detect light - used for night vision so not as accurate

Cones

Used for central and colour vision - accurate and clear

Fovea

Centre of retina that contains all the cones

Hue

Seeing colour based on wavelengths of light (seeing the rainbow)

Saturation

Purity/vividness of colour

Brightness

Light reflected off object

Trichromatic theory

three main sensory for colour - we see colours through combining three colours

Opponent process theory

colour pairs work together (opposites yellow-blue, black white)

What pathway

Determines identity of object

Visual agnosia

Damage to what pathway - cannot recognize objects

Prosopagnosia

form of visual agnosia - cannot recognize faces

Where pathway

Locating objects

Hemi-neglect

Damage to where pathway - can only see one side