Chapter 8 Key Terms

Question 0

The fourth of Erikson’s eight psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent

Answer 0

industry versus inferiority

Question 1

The ability to regulate one’s emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination

Answer 1

effortful control

Question 2

The tendency to assess one’s abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one’s peers

Answer 2

social comparison

Question 3

The capacity to adapt well despite significant adversity and to overcome serious stress

Answer 3

resilience

Question 4

The way a family works to meet the needs of it smembers. Children need families to provide basic material necessities, to encourage learning, to help them develop self-respect, to nurture friendships, and to foster harmony and stability

Answer 4

family function

Question 5

The legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home; includes nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily and so on

Answer 5

family structure

Question 6

A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children under age 18

Answer 6

nuclear family

Question 7

A stepparent family that includes children born to several families, such as the biological children from spouses’ previous marriages and the biological children of the new couple

Answer 7

blended family

Question 8

A family that consists of only one parent and his or her children under age 18

Answer 8

single-parent family

Question 9

A family consisting of parents, their children, and other relatives living in one household

Answer 9

extended family

Question 10

A family consisting of one man, several wives, and the biological children of the man and his wives

Answer 10

polygamous family

Question 11

The particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society

Answer 11

culture of children

Question 12

The ability to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of human behavior

Answer 12

social cognition

Question 13

Children who are disliked by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior

Answer 13

aggressive-rejected children

Question 14

Children who are disliked by peers because of their timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior

Answer 14

withdrawn-rejected children

Question 15

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal or social attack on a weaker person

Answer 15

bullying

Question 16

Someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well. (Also called a proactive victim because he or she does things that elicit bullying, such as stealing a bully’s pencil)

Answer 16

bully-victim

Question 17

Kohlberg’s first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishments

Answer 17

preconventional moral reasoning

Question 18

Kohlberg’s second level of moral reasoning, emphasizing social rules

Answer 18

conventional moral reasoning

Question 19

Kohlberg’s third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles

Answer 19

postconventional moral reasoning