Chapter 6 Key Terms

Question 0

Erikson’s third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them

Answer 0

initiative versus guilt

Question 1

The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed

Answer 1

emotional regulation

Question 2

A person’s evaluation of his or her own worth, either in specifics (e.g. intelligence, attractiveness) or in general

Answer 2

self-esteem

Question 3

A person’s understanding of who he or she is, incorporating self-esteem, physical appearance, personality, and various personal traits, such as gender and size

Answer 3

self-concept

Question 4

A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent

Answer 4

intrinsic motivation

Question 5

A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the need to have one’s achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person’s esteem

Answer 5

extrinsic motivation

Question 6

An illness or disorder of the mind

Answer 6

psychopathology

Question 7

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things

Answer 7

externalizing problems

Question 8

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one’s emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed or worthless

Answer 8

internalizing problems

Question 9

Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm

Answer 9

rough-and-tumble play

Question 10

Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create

Answer 10

sociodramatic play

Question 11

An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication

Answer 11

authoritarian parenting

Question 12

An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance or control

Answer 12

permissive parenting

Question 13

An approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children

Answer 13

authoritative parenting

Question 14

An approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives

Answer 14

neglectful/uninvolved parenting

Question 15

The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one’s own

Answer 15

empathy

Question 16

Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person

Answer 16

antipathy

Question 17

Actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them

Answer 17

prosocial behavior

Question 18

Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person

Answer 18

antisocial behavior

Question 19

A disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents

Answer 19

psychological control

Question 20

Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape

Answer 20

sex differences

Question 21

Differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females

Answer 21

gender differences

Question 22

A child’s cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on his or her observations and experiences

Answer 22

gender schema