Chapter 6 Key Terms Flashcards
Erikson’s third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them
initiative versus guilt
The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
emotional regulation
A person’s evaluation of his or her own worth, either in specifics (e.g. intelligence, attractiveness) or in general
self-esteem
A person’s understanding of who he or she is, incorporating self-esteem, physical appearance, personality, and various personal traits, such as gender and size
self-concept
A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent
intrinsic motivation
A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the need to have one’s achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person’s esteem
extrinsic motivation
An illness or disorder of the mind
psychopathology
Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things
externalizing problems
Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one’s emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed or worthless
internalizing problems
Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm
rough-and-tumble play
Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create
sociodramatic play
An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication
authoritarian parenting
An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance or control
permissive parenting
An approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children
authoritative parenting
An approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives
neglectful/uninvolved parenting
The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one’s own
empathy
Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person
antipathy
Actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them
prosocial behavior
Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person
antisocial behavior
A disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents
psychological control
Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape
sex differences
Differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females
gender differences
A child’s cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on his or her observations and experiences
gender schema
