Chapter 4 Key Terms Flashcards
An infant’s expression of concern - a quiet stare when clinging to a familiar person, or look of sadness - when a stranger appears.
stranger wariness
A smile evoked by a human face, normally first evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth.
Social smile
An infant’s distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 and 14 months.
separation anxiety
A person’s realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.
self-awareness
Erikson’s first crisis of psychosocial development. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, etc.) are met.
trust versus mistrust
Erikson’s second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
The acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behavior of others.
social learning
In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences.
working model
A theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture.
ethnotheory
Inborn differences between on person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is epigenetic, originating in the genes but affected by child-rearing practices.
temperament
The five basic clusters of personality traits that remain quite stable throughout life: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. (OCEAN)
Big Five
Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching.
proximal parenting
Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching.
distal parenting
A similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between and individual and his or her social context, including family, school, and community.
goodness of fit
A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.
synchrony
An experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant.
still-face technique
According to Ainsworth, “an affectional tie” that an infant forms with a caregiver - a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.
Attachment
A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.
secure attachment
A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return.
insecure-avoidant attachment
A pattern of attachment in which an infant’s anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.
insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
A type of attachment that is marked by an infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return.
disorganized attachment
A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to the stress of various adults’ comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.
Strange Situation
Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference.
social referencing
Child care that includes several children of various ages and usually occurs in the home of a woman who is paid to provide it.
family day care
Child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several adults care for many children. Usually the children are grouped by age, the day-care center is licensed, and providers are trained and certified in child development.
center day care
