Chapter 4 Key Terms

Question 0

An infant’s expression of concern - a quiet stare when clinging to a familiar person, or look of sadness - when a stranger appears.

Answer 0

stranger wariness

Question 1

A smile evoked by a human face, normally first evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth.

Answer 1

Social smile

Question 2

An infant’s distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 and 14 months.

Answer 2

separation anxiety

Question 3

A person’s realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.

Answer 3

self-awareness

Question 4

Erikson’s first crisis of psychosocial development. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, etc.) are met.

Answer 4

trust versus mistrust

Question 5

Erikson’s second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies.

Answer 5

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 6

The acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behavior of others.

Answer 6

social learning

Question 7

In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences.

Answer 7

working model

Question 8

A theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture.

Answer 8

ethnotheory

Question 9

Inborn differences between on person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is epigenetic, originating in the genes but affected by child-rearing practices.

Answer 9

temperament

Question 10

The five basic clusters of personality traits that remain quite stable throughout life: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. (OCEAN)

Answer 10

Big Five

Question 11

Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching.

Answer 11

proximal parenting

Question 12

Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching.

Answer 12

distal parenting

Question 13

A similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between and individual and his or her social context, including family, school, and community.

Answer 13

goodness of fit

Question 14

A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.

Answer 14

synchrony

Question 15

An experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant.

Answer 15

still-face technique

Question 16

According to Ainsworth, “an affectional tie” that an infant forms with a caregiver - a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.

Answer 16

Attachment

Question 17

A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.

Answer 17

secure attachment

Question 18

A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return.

Answer 18

insecure-avoidant attachment

Question 19

A pattern of attachment in which an infant’s anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.

Answer 19

insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment

Question 20

A type of attachment that is marked by an infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return.

Answer 20

disorganized attachment

Question 21

A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to the stress of various adults’ comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.

Answer 21

Strange Situation

Question 22

Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference.

Answer 22

social referencing

Question 23

Child care that includes several children of various ages and usually occurs in the home of a woman who is paid to provide it.

Answer 23

family day care

Question 24

Child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several adults care for many children. Usually the children are grouped by age, the day-care center is licensed, and providers are trained and certified in child development.

Answer 24

center day care