Chapter 8 HW Flashcards
Anterior pituitary gland functions
Stimulates: the production of sperm, wide spread tissue growth, secretion of the thyroid hormone and growth of thyroid, secretion of estrogen, ovulation, testosterone
Hormones
Steroids, amino acid derivatives, and proteins
Gonads
Endocrine glands, gonads are the ovaries in a female and the testes in a male
Steroid hormones
Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids
Target tissues regulate their sensitivity to a hormone
By adjusting the number of receptors for that hormone
Protein hormone
Insulin, glucagon, calcitonin, oxytocin, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, PTH, ADH, ACTH, and hormones from the hypothalamus
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Produced by the anterior pituitary gland and targets the kidney organs
Amino acid derivatives
Derived from amino acids. Thyroid hormone, epinephrine, and melatonin are examples
Pheromone
Refers to chemicals that cause a response outside the body in another individual, studied by the perfume industry
Graves’ disease
Antibody made by white blood cells to fight a foreign invader mistakenly fits into TSH receptors of the thyroid gland and acts like TSH
Diabetes mellitus
Inability to regulate blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin
Diabetes insipidus
An inability to release sufficient ADH to o cause water reabsorption in the kidney
Autocrine location of target tissues
The secretion of a hormone by the cells of the same tissue type that it targets
Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin
Adrenal cortex hormones
Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens
Target tissue
Presence of specific receptors for specific hormones based on the hormones chemical makeup and shape
Down-regulation
Often a response to chronically high levels of a hormone
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) function
Increases water retention
Gland functions
Produce hormones, target certain tissues, and secrete hormones
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) function
Stimulate the secretion of glucocorticoids
Glucagon function
Stimulate the conversion of glycogen to glucose
Anterior pituitary gland functions
Produces FSH, TSH, ACTH, LH, GH
Epinephrine functions
Increases heart rate, increases blood glucose levels, and raises metabolic rate
Thyroid hormone functions
Increase metabolic rate, increases heart and respiration rates, stimulates appetite
Hypothalamus target tissue
Anterior pituitary
Half-life
Describes the length of time it takes for one half of a substance to be eliminated from the circulatory system
Protein hormone binding
Must bind to receptors on the cell membrane because they cannot enter the cell
Steroid hormone binding
Must bind to receptors within the cell either in the cytoplasm or nucleus
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
Polyuria
Excessive urination
Glucosuria
Glucose in the urine
Messenger of the endocrine system
Chemicals called Hormones
Cause of Hyperthyroidism
Graves’ disease
Which disorder has polyuria and polydipsia as symptoms
Diabetes insipidis, type II diabetes mellitus, and type I diabetes mellitus
Cushing’s syndrome
Excess cortisol or corticosteroid levels in the blood that result from hypersecretion of ACTH from the pituitary gland
Addison’s disease
Degeneration of the adrenal cortex
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
Secreted by parathyroids
Calcitonin hormone
Secreted by thyroid gland
Gland connected to the pituitary gland by the infundibulum
Hypothalamus
Gland that resembles a bow tie and is located anterior and lateral to the trachea just inferior to the larynx
Thyroid
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
Stimulates secretion of estrogen and stimulates sperm production
LH (luteinizing hormone)
Stimulates the secretion of testosterone and stimulates ovulation
Regulation of hormone secretion
A substance other than a hormone stimulating a gland, neural stimulation of a gland, stimulation of a gland by another hormone
Symptom of acromegaly
Organ enlargement
Symptom of hyperthyroidism
Goiter
Tissues targeted by anterior pituitary gland hormones
Thyroid, ovaries, adrenal cortex, testes, liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, adipose tissue
Endocrine system
Communication: Has a slow start, takes longer to end than the nervous system, less specific as to its target
Organ that is part of both endocrine and digestive system
Pancreas
Effects of aging on the endocrine system
Levels of hormones decline with age, estrogen and testosterone decrease dramatically with aging, some hormone levels remain high but target tissue may lose their sensitivity
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions and the release of milk.
Up-regulation vs down-regulation
Up-reg is the increase in the number of receptors for a given hormone and down-reg is the decrease in the number of receptors for a hormone
Nervous system compared to endocrine system
Nervous system can have higher specificity compared to the endocrine system when considering communication with its target
Speed of communication: nervous system compared to endocrine system
The nervous system responds to the stimulus quicker than the endocrine system
Paracrine
Hormones that work on neighboring cells without having to go through blood to get to target tissue
