Chapter 4 HW

Question 1

Abnormal spine curvatures

Answer 1

They can result from congenital defects and include scoliosis (most common), Lordosis, and Kyphosis

Question 2

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) functions

Answer 2

Parathyroid glands on the posterior side of the thyroid gland, produce PTH when blood calcium levels are low.

PTH tells osteoclasts to reabsorb bone which increases calcium levels, it tells the kidney to reabsorb any calcium that may be contained in the urine, tells the small intestine to absorb any calcium present in the small intestine from digestion.

Question 3

Functions of the skeletal system

Answer 3

Gives your body support, allows for movement, protects organs, produces blood cells, and helps maintain your electrolyte and acid-base balance

Question 4

Functions of the sternum

Answer 4

The sternum is a flat bone composed of three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process (can be broken during CPR).

Together they serve as a protective plate for the heart, attachment site for the ribs encasing the thorax, and the manubrium is the attachment point for the pectoral girdle.

Question 5

Types of ribs

Answer 5

True ribs: superior 7 pairs of ribs connected to the sternum with costal cartilages

False ribs: pairs 8-12, no individual costal cartilage connecting them to the sternum. However 8-10 share costal cartilage

Floating ribs: pairs 11 and 12 are not connected to the sternum

Question 6

Flat bones

Answer 6

Sternum (breastbone), cranial bones of the skull, and ribs

Question 7

Bones found only in the ankle and foot

Answer 7

Metatarsals, talus, and tarsal bones

Question 8

Axial skeleton bones

Answer 8

Bones of the head, neck, and trunk

Question 9

Spinal column

Answer 9

In an adult there are 26 bones. It contains three types of vertebrae, the sacrum and coccyx. 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx.

Question 10

Functions of osteoblasts

Answer 10

Build bone tissue, build new bone by forming a soft matrix of protein and carbohydrate molecules with collagen fibers, allow hard mineral crystals to be deposited in the matrix

Question 11

Type of vertebrae of the spinal column in order starting from superior

Answer 11

Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

Question 12

Tarsal bones

Answer 12

Short bones of the ankle and foot

Question 13

Functions of mucus membrane lining of the sinuses

Answer 13

They help warm and moisten inspired air and give resonance to the voice

Question 14

Pelvis

Answer 14

Composed of the right and left pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx

Question 15

Costal facets

Answer 15

Smooth surfaces on the 12 thoracic vertebrae, ribs attach to the costal facets on the bodies and transverse processes of these vertebrae

Question 16

Osteoclasts

Answer 16

Destroy bone tissue

Question 17

Two major divisions of the human skeleton

Answer 17

Axial and appendicular

Question 18

Sinus

Answer 18

Cavity within the bones lined by mucous membranes

Question 19

Function of hydroxyapatite

Answer 19

Hydroxyapatite crystals harden the soft matrix in the bone

Question 20

Foremen magnum

Answer 20

Large opening in the occipital bone which allows the spinal cord to exit the cranial cavity

Question 21

Humerus

Answer 21

Proximal long bone of the arm

Question 22

Femur

Answer 22

Proximal long bone of the leg

Question 23

Active vitamin D (calcitriol)

Answer 23

Required for the small intestines to absorb calcium from the diet

Question 24

Periosteum

Answer 24

Fibrous covering that encircles the diaphysis (shaft of the long bone) and is the source of osteoblasts

Question 25

Sella turcica (Turkish saddle)

Answer 25

Inside the skull, the sphenoid bone forms this important structure. The pituitary gland sits in this bony saddle and the saddle’s broad bar helps protect the pituitary gland by surrounding it in bone

Question 26

What type of bone is vertebra

Answer 26

Irregular

Question 27

Compact bone

Answer 27

It is very dense and highly organized.

Features include Haversian canal, lamellae, and lacunae.

This type of bone is found in the shafts of long bones and surfaces of flat bones.

Question 28

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 28

Found in the marrow cavity of mature long bones. Composed of mostly fatty tissue.

Question 29

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 29

Found covering the needs of long bones, in the costal cartilages of the ribs, and in the nasal cartilages of the nose

Question 30

Fibrocartilage

Answer 30

Found in the intervertebral disks, public symphysis, and the meniscus of the knee

Question 31

Elastic cartilage

Answer 31

Found in the pinna of the ear (outer ear flap) and in the epiglottis in the throat

Question 32

Cervical vertebrae

Answer 32

Only vertebrae with transverse vessels. The first two vertebrae are the atlas and axis.

Question 33

Tibia

Answer 33

The more massive long bone of the lower leg. It articulates with the femur at the knee.

Question 34

Long bones of the forearm

Answer 34

Radius and Ulna

Question 35

Calcitonin

Answer 35

Produced by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are high. It travels through the blood and only works on osteoblasts and osteoclasts because they have receptors for the hormone. It tells osteoblasts to deposit calcium in the bone, and it prevents osteoclasts from reabsorbing calcium.

Question 36

Metacarpals

Answer 36

Five long bones making up the palm of the hand.

Question 37

Cranial bones

Answer 37

Frontal, occipital, two temporal, and two parietal bones, which all happen to be flat bones

Question 38

Number of each type of vertebrae

Answer 38

Seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, one sacrum, and one coccyx

Question 39

Red bone marrow

Answer 39

Found in the spaces of cancellous bone, composed of stem cells which produce both red and white blood cells and platelets.

Question 40

Kyphosis

Answer 40

Commonly called hunchback, is an exaggerated abnormal curvature of the thoracic vertebrae.

Question 41

Pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle

Answer 41

The pectoral girdle bones attach the arm bones to the axial skeleton while the pelvic girdle bones attach the leg bones to the axial skeleton

Question 42

Hyoid bone

Answer 42

Forms the angle between the chin and the neck, is not attached to another bone, a fractured hyoid bone can be an indication of strangulation

Question 43

Lordosis (swayback)

Answer 43

Exaggerated curvature of the lumbar vertebrae, often associated with obesity and pregnancy

Question 44

Scapula and clavicle

Answer 44

In the pectoral girdle, these two bones connect the arm to the axial skeleton

Question 45

Synovial joint

Answer 45

Has a joint cavity, this joint space is formed by a joint capsule that surrounds and seals the joint space.

Six types: hinge, ball and socket, saddle (concave surfaces), gliding (flat), ellipsiod (reduced ball and socket), pivot