Chapter 4 HW Flashcards
Abnormal spine curvatures
They can result from congenital defects and include scoliosis (most common), Lordosis, and Kyphosis
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) functions
Parathyroid glands on the posterior side of the thyroid gland, produce PTH when blood calcium levels are low.
PTH tells osteoclasts to reabsorb bone which increases calcium levels, it tells the kidney to reabsorb any calcium that may be contained in the urine, tells the small intestine to absorb any calcium present in the small intestine from digestion.
Functions of the skeletal system
Gives your body support, allows for movement, protects organs, produces blood cells, and helps maintain your electrolyte and acid-base balance
Functions of the sternum
The sternum is a flat bone composed of three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process (can be broken during CPR).
Together they serve as a protective plate for the heart, attachment site for the ribs encasing the thorax, and the manubrium is the attachment point for the pectoral girdle.
Types of ribs
True ribs: superior 7 pairs of ribs connected to the sternum with costal cartilages
False ribs: pairs 8-12, no individual costal cartilage connecting them to the sternum. However 8-10 share costal cartilage
Floating ribs: pairs 11 and 12 are not connected to the sternum
Flat bones
Sternum (breastbone), cranial bones of the skull, and ribs
Bones found only in the ankle and foot
Metatarsals, talus, and tarsal bones
Axial skeleton bones
Bones of the head, neck, and trunk
Spinal column
In an adult there are 26 bones. It contains three types of vertebrae, the sacrum and coccyx. 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx.
Functions of osteoblasts
Build bone tissue, build new bone by forming a soft matrix of protein and carbohydrate molecules with collagen fibers, allow hard mineral crystals to be deposited in the matrix
Type of vertebrae of the spinal column in order starting from superior
Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
Tarsal bones
Short bones of the ankle and foot
Functions of mucus membrane lining of the sinuses
They help warm and moisten inspired air and give resonance to the voice
Pelvis
Composed of the right and left pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx
Costal facets
Smooth surfaces on the 12 thoracic vertebrae, ribs attach to the costal facets on the bodies and transverse processes of these vertebrae
Osteoclasts
Destroy bone tissue
Two major divisions of the human skeleton
Axial and appendicular
Sinus
Cavity within the bones lined by mucous membranes
Function of hydroxyapatite
Hydroxyapatite crystals harden the soft matrix in the bone
Foremen magnum
Large opening in the occipital bone which allows the spinal cord to exit the cranial cavity
Humerus
Proximal long bone of the arm
Femur
Proximal long bone of the leg
Active vitamin D (calcitriol)
Required for the small intestines to absorb calcium from the diet
Periosteum
Fibrous covering that encircles the diaphysis (shaft of the long bone) and is the source of osteoblasts
Sella turcica (Turkish saddle)
Inside the skull, the sphenoid bone forms this important structure. The pituitary gland sits in this bony saddle and the saddle’s broad bar helps protect the pituitary gland by surrounding it in bone
What type of bone is vertebra
Irregular
Compact bone
It is very dense and highly organized.
Features include Haversian canal, lamellae, and lacunae.
This type of bone is found in the shafts of long bones and surfaces of flat bones.
Yellow bone marrow
Found in the marrow cavity of mature long bones. Composed of mostly fatty tissue.
Hyaline cartilage
Found covering the needs of long bones, in the costal cartilages of the ribs, and in the nasal cartilages of the nose
Fibrocartilage
Found in the intervertebral disks, public symphysis, and the meniscus of the knee
Elastic cartilage
Found in the pinna of the ear (outer ear flap) and in the epiglottis in the throat
Cervical vertebrae
Only vertebrae with transverse vessels. The first two vertebrae are the atlas and axis.
Tibia
The more massive long bone of the lower leg. It articulates with the femur at the knee.
Long bones of the forearm
Radius and Ulna
Calcitonin
Produced by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are high. It travels through the blood and only works on osteoblasts and osteoclasts because they have receptors for the hormone. It tells osteoblasts to deposit calcium in the bone, and it prevents osteoclasts from reabsorbing calcium.
Metacarpals
Five long bones making up the palm of the hand.
Cranial bones
Frontal, occipital, two temporal, and two parietal bones, which all happen to be flat bones
Number of each type of vertebrae
Seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, one sacrum, and one coccyx
Red bone marrow
Found in the spaces of cancellous bone, composed of stem cells which produce both red and white blood cells and platelets.
Kyphosis
Commonly called hunchback, is an exaggerated abnormal curvature of the thoracic vertebrae.
Pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
The pectoral girdle bones attach the arm bones to the axial skeleton while the pelvic girdle bones attach the leg bones to the axial skeleton
Hyoid bone
Forms the angle between the chin and the neck, is not attached to another bone, a fractured hyoid bone can be an indication of strangulation
Lordosis (swayback)
Exaggerated curvature of the lumbar vertebrae, often associated with obesity and pregnancy
Scapula and clavicle
In the pectoral girdle, these two bones connect the arm to the axial skeleton
Synovial joint
Has a joint cavity, this joint space is formed by a joint capsule that surrounds and seals the joint space.
Six types: hinge, ball and socket, saddle (concave surfaces), gliding (flat), ellipsiod (reduced ball and socket), pivot
