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Anatomy/Physiology > Chapter 5 HW > Flashcards

Chapter 5 HW Flashcards

1
Q

Jumping jacks use which muscle actions?

A

Abduction: Movement of a part of the body away from the midline

Adduction: movement of a part of the body toward the midline

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2
Q

Synaptic knob

A

Releases the chemical (neurotransmitter) Acetylcholine (protein) at the nerve end.

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3
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

A procedure that assesses the health of the muscles by testing how a muscle responds to electric stimuli

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4
Q

Inversion

A

Position in which the soles of the feet are together, facing each other

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5
Q

Eversion

A

Position in which the soles of the feet point away from each other

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6
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Position of standing on the heels with the toes pointing up off the floor

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7
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Position of standing on tiptoes with the heels off the floor

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8
Q

Supination

A

Rotation that turns the palms up. You could hold soup in the palm of your hand when your palm is supinated.

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9
Q

Pronation

A

Rotation that turns the palms down. You would pour soup from your hand during pronation

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10
Q

Myofibril

A

Compose the functional units of a muscle cell

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11
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The muscle cell membrane

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12
Q

Fixator

A

A muscle that holds an origin stable for another muscle

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13
Q

Lever

A

Rigid object that can be used to lift something

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14
Q

Motor unit

A

A single nerve cell and all the muscle cells it stimulates

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15
Q

Power stroke

A

Myosin pulls on actin, which draws the Z lines toward the center, shortening the sacromere

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16
Q

Prime mover

A

The main muscle of the synergist to perform the action

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17
Q

Synergist

A

Muscles that have the same action

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18
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle that has an opposing action

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19
Q

Epimysium

A

The connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle

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20
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle (muscle fibers)

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21
Q

Third class lever system

A

Most common lever system used in the body

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22
Q

Depression

A

The act of opening the jaw or lowering the shoulders

23
Q

Circumduction

A

The act of making a circle with part of the body

24
Q

Rotation

A

The act of spinning on an axis

25
Q

Tetany

A

Sustained muscle contractions

26
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

Muscle contraction involves thick myofilaments grabbing thin myofilaments and pulling them toward the center of the sarcomere

27
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Skeletal muscle tissue performs anaerobic respiration, Involves fewer steps than aerobic respiration, does not require oxygen, and produces enough energy to form just two ATP molecules, produces lactic acid

28
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Group of genetic disorders that result in progressive weakening and degeneration of muscle tissue and its replacement with fibrous scar tissue

29
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Antibodies attack the acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junctions. Muscle weakness results because the muscle cannot fully respond to the nerve impulses

30
Q

Cramp

A

Painful muscle spasm as a result of heavy exercise, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, extreme cold, low blood glucose levels, or lack of blood flow

31
Q

Origin

A

The attachment of a muscle to a bone or structure that does not move when the muscle contracts

32
Q

Insertion

A

The attachment of a muscle to a bone or structure that does move when the muscle contracts

33
Q

Refractory phase

A

The calcium is actively transported back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the muscle produces acetylcholinesterase to remove the acetylcholine from the receptors

34
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

Labels of lactic acid build up, muscle cells become less and less able to respond to the nerve stimuli, eventually the muscle may weaken to the point of not being able to respond at all

35
Q

Sprain

A

A tear in a ligament

36
Q

Strain

A

A tear in a muscle or a tendon

37
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle tissue all perform aerobic respiration. Multistep process, requires oxygen, results in carbon dioxide, produces enough energy to form 36 ATP molecules

38
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Tension in the muscles remain constant, and motion was the result

39
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Muscles bulge with increased tension, but movement would not have resulted

40
Q

Muscle atrophy

A

Decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in muscle tissue

41
Q

Flexion

A

Action that bends a part of the body anteriorly, such as flexing the elbow

42
Q

Extension

A

Action that bends a part of the body posteriorly, such as straightening the arm at the elbow

43
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of a part of the body toward the midline

44
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of a part of the body away from the midline

45
Q

Muscle elasticity

A

If a muscle cell is stretched, it will return to its original shape

46
Q

Contractility

A

A muscle cell can shorter with force. Muscles can only pull, they cannot push

47
Q

Motor unit recruitment

A

Involvement of multiple muscles for one movement

48
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Autorhythmic (self stimulating), no nerve stimulus needed for cardiac muscle cells to contract. Aerobic respiration.

49
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Voluntary, under conscious control, aerobic and anaerobic respiration

50
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Involuntary, not under conscious control. Aerobic respiration.

51
Q

Fascia

A

Connective tissues that surrounds several muscles of an area forming muscle compartments

52
Q

Z-lines

A

Form the ends of a sacromere, which is composed of thick and thin filaments

53
Q

Which minerals are required for muscle cell function?

A

Calcium and potassium

54
Q

Muscle responses to nerve stimulation

A

Based on the threshold amount of acetylcholine fitting into receptors, all or nothing, ultimately responsible for conductivity and contractility

Anatomy/Physiology (10 decks)

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