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Anatomy/Physiology > Chapter 6 HW > Flashcards

Chapter 6 HW Flashcards

1
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

A test that looks for the presence of a meningitis pathogen in the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

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2
Q

Cerebellum

A

Located posteriorly in the brain, interior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. It receives sensory messages concerning the position of the limbs, muscles and joints. Fine-tunes efferent skeletal muscle messages to coordinate position, balance, and movement. The effect is smooth, coordinated movement.

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3
Q

Neuroglial cells found in the CNS (central nervous system)

A

Oligodendrocytes (form myelin), Ependymal cells (produce cerebrospinal fluid), Astrocytes (form the blood-brain barrier, regulate composition of CSF, and form scar tissue), microglia (provide protection by seeking and removing damaged cells, debris, and pathogens)

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4
Q

Epidural space

A

Between the vertebrae and the dura mater surrounding the spinal cord.

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5
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • Clear, colorless fluid that circulates between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space to bathe the brain and spinal cord
  • Functions: rinse the brain and spinal cord of metabolic waste, cushion the brain from impact, provide buoyancy so the brain is not damaged by the bony floor of the skull
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6
Q

Neuron membrane during resting membrane potential

A

Outside is positive, inside is negative, membrane is polarized

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7
Q

Amount of spinal nerves attached to the spinal cord between vertebrae

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

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8
Q

Reflex arc

A
  • Receptor: dendrite of a neuron receiving the stimulus (a chemical, heat, light, or mechanical disturbance.
  • Afferent neuron (sensory): neuron that has an action potential carrying the signal to the CNS
  • Integrating center: either the brain or spinal cord, where the signal is received from the afferent neuron and conducted to a motor neuron. This may or may not require an inter neuron.
  • Efferent neuron (motor): neuron that has an action potential carrying a signal away from the CNS
  • Effector: the structure causing the effect. If this structure is skeletal muscle, it is called a somatic reflex. If the effector is a gland or smooth muscle, it is called an autonomic reflex
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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Carries efferent messages, these messages are involuntary. Divided by two parts, the sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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10
Q

Four subdivisions of the brain

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

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11
Q

Cauda equina

A

A bundle of nerve roots that extends from L1 to S5 in the vertebral cavity

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12
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, it contains cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

Myelination of the axon

A

Allows action protecting to travel very quickly

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14
Q

Four major lobes of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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15
Q

Gyri

A

Folds on the cerebrum that allows for extra surface area

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16
Q

Diencephalon

A

One of four subdivisions of the brain, located deep to the cerebrum. It has two major components, the thalamus and the hypothalamus

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17
Q

Two main divisions of the nervous system

A
  • Central: composed of the brain and spinal cord and serves as the central processing center
  • Peripheral: a network of all the nerves in the body that sends messages to and from the central processing center
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18
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Intermittently covers the axon. Myelin is lipid-rich, and it insulates the axons much like the wire coating on wires, the myelin on an axon has gaps

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19
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Disorder involving the nervous system, it is a progressive, irreversible disease of the brain that is characterized by dementia

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20
Q

Action potential

A

The flow of electricity along an axon of a neuron in one direction, from the trigger zone to the synaptic knob

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21
Q

Terminal arborization

A

Located at the end of axon

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22
Q

Gray matter of the spinal cord

A

In the center of the cord and arranged in an “H.” Composed of dendrites, cell bodies, and short unmyelinated neurons (interneurons)

23
Q

Endoneurium

A

Connective tissue surrounding an axon of an individual neuron

24
Q

Sodium/potassium pump

A

Responsible for reestablishing and maintaining the resting membrane potential by pumping Na+ out of the cell again through active transport, once the resting membrane potential is restored, the neuron is ready to begin again with another nerve impulse

25
Q

Axon hillock

A

Trigger zone of the axon

26
Q

Choroid plexus

A

A bed of capillaries that exist in the walls of the ventricles (cavities in the brain) that are lined with ependymal cells that make cerebrospinal fluid

27
Q

Perineurium

A

Surrounds bundles of axons called fascicles

28
Q

Order of the reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Afferent neuron (sensory)
  3. Integrating center
  4. Efferent neuron (motor)
  5. Effector
29
Q

Meningitis

A

Serious inflammation of the meninges caused by viruses or bacteria. A test called a lumbar puncture, can be done to look for the presence of a pathogen in the CSF

30
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Degenerative disorder of the brain characterized by tremors and slow, uncoordinated movements

31
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

A disorder of the brain characterized by destruction of brain cells caused by a defective gene

32
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

Commonly called a stroke. A disorder characterized by a death to part of the brain caused by a lack of blood supply

33
Q

Functions of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Prepares the body for fight or flight, dilates blood vessels, and decreases blood flow to to digestive organs

34
Q

Parts of the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Afferent, efferent: somatomotor, autonomic: parasympathetic, sympathetic

35
Q

Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Sends electrical messages to carry out functions for every day body maintenance like digestion, defecation, and urination

36
Q

The three meninges in order from most superficial

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater (delicate, weblike layer), and pia mater (tight to the brain and spinal cord)

37
Q

White matter vs gray matter

A
  • White matter: in the brain and spinal cord, is a concentration of myelinated axons
  • Gray matter: in the brain and spinal cord, is a concentration of dendrites, cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons
38
Q

Sympathetic division

A

A subdivision of the autonomic division. Sends electrical messages to prepare the body for physical activity, often referred to as fight or flight

39
Q

Axon

A

The part of a neuron that carries the nerve impulse along its length to the synaptic knobs at the end of the terminal arborization

40
Q

Reflexes

A

Involuntary, predictable, motor response to a stimulus without conscious thought. It is a very fast response, used often as a protective device

41
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Each spinal nerve splits into two nerve roots as it approaches the cord, a dorsal root and ventral root. Dorsal root has a bulge while the ventral does not. The bulge is a ganglion (group of cell bodies). Dorsal roots carry Afferent (sensory) messages, ventral roots is composed of multipolar neuron axons that carry efferent (motor) messages.

42
Q

Afferent vs Efferent

A
  • Afferent: sensory neurons that carry incoming messages to the brain
  • Efferent: motor neurons that carry outgoing messages away from the brain and spinal cord
43
Q

Resting membrane potential potassium

A

Potassium can freely cross the neuron cell membrane

44
Q

Anatomy of nerves in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Preganglionic neurons come off the brain and the sacral region of the spinal cord, and synapse with the post ganglionic neurons in the ganglia close to the structure they stimulate

45
Q

Anatomy of the nerves in the sympathetic nervous system

A

A short preganglionic neuron leaves the spinal cord from the thoracic and lumbar regions and synapses with the post ganglionic neuron at the sympathetic chain of ganglia just outside the vertebral column

46
Q

Excitatory

A

The ability of a local potential to cause a neuron to send a signal

47
Q

Inhibitory

A

The ability of a local potential to prevent a neuron from sending a signal

48
Q

Graded

A

The amount of stimulation determines how much sodium (Na+) enters the cell

49
Q

Neuroglial cells that produce myelin

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

50
Q

Astrocyte

A

Cover the nonmyelin portions of the neurons and blood vessels in the CNS, forming a blood-brain barrier

51
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Type of paralysis that effects one side of the body

52
Q

Dendrites

A

Part of the neuron that receives information

53
Q

Sodium (Na+) during resting membrane potential

A

Sodium is located on the outside of the neuron membrane

54
Q

Potassium during resting membrane potential

A

Potassium can freely cross the neuron cell membrane

Anatomy/Physiology (10 decks)

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