Chapter 8 Exam 3

Question 1

Blocking

Answer 1

A description for how, in some cases, not enough distinctive cues are available to help us recover a specific memory

Question 2

Central Executive

Answer 2

A hypothetical portion of the working memory model that directs the activities of working memory, including the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the flow of information between working and long-term memory.

Question 3

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 3

The process of actively manipulating information in immediate memory to meaningfully connect it to other information already stored in long-term memory.

Question 4

Encoding Problem

Answer 4

The problem the brain must solve to transform an experience into a memory.

Question 5

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 5

The idea that retrieval cues are only useful as long as they match the original context of how to-be-remembered information was originally learned.

Question 6

Errors of Commission

Answer 6

Memory errors where wrong or unwanted information is brought to mind.

Question 7

Errors of Omission

Answer 7

Memory errors where information cannot be brought to mind.

Question 8

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 8

Memories for the details surrounding events that are both surprising and particularly significant.

Question 9

Free Recall

Answer 9

Remembering previously-learned information without any other context to aid in remembering.

Question 10

Immediate Memory

Answer 10

A system that actively holds on to a limited amount of information so that it can be manipulated and processed.

Question 11

Inner Eye

Answer 11

The mental experience of seeing something using your imagination. The inner eye is taken as evidence for visual representation in immediate memory.

Question 12

Inner Voice

Answer 12

The mental experience of hearing yourself talk “in your head.” The inner voice is taken as evidence for verbal representation in immediate memory.

Question 13

Phonological Loop

Answer 13

A system within the working memory model that temporarily stores and manipulates auditory and verbal information.

Question 14

Retrieval Practice

Answer 14

The phenomenon that the repeated retrieval of information is more useful for long-term memory than other tasks, such as the repeated reading of the same information

Question 15

Retrieval Problem

Answer 15

The problem the brain must solve to recover information from long-term memory.

Question 16

Retroactive Interference

Answer 16

The inability to retrieve older information due to the influence of newer, similar information.

Question 17

Shallow Processing

Answer 17

Encoding information based only on its surface characteristics.

Question 18

Storage Problem

Answer 18

The problem the brain must solve to maintain information in the brain over time, whether short or long.

Question 19

Suggestibility

Answer 19

A description for how memories can sometimes be altered by the context in which they are remembered to better fit the current context.

Question 20

Tip-of-the-tongue State

Answer 20

A state when someone cannot remember a piece of information but have a powerful feeling that they know exactly what they are trying to remember.

Question 21

Transience

Answer 21

A description for how sometimes we are unable to retrieve information because it has been forgotten due to the interference of information we have processed in the meantime.

Question 22

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Answer 22

A system within the working memory model where visual and spatial information is stored and manipulated.