Chapter 8: Endocrine & Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Michelle Krebs

part of diencephalon

- anterior and inferior to thalamus

hypothalamus

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acts as a connecting stalk o physically attach the pituitary gland to the brain

infundibulum

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very small pea shaped gland attached to the inferior side of the hypothalamus by way of the infundibulum

pituitary gland

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very small gland within the epithalamus

- located off the posterior tip of the thalamus

pineal gland

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found in the anterior side of the neck along the midline
just inferior to the voicebox in the throat
butterfly shaped and composed of two lobes

thyroid gland

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four small, round glands located on the posterior side of the thyroid gland

parathyroid glands

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located superior and medial to the kidneys

- triangular shaped

adrenal glands

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found along the midline of the abdominal cavity
deep to the stomach
yellowish
an exocrine and an endocrine gland

pancreas

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develop along posterior wall inside the abdominal cavity and then descend
course through inguinal canal
found in the scrotum

testes

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located laterally within the pelvic cavity
the size of a dime and slightly bumpy
anchored to the posterior and lateral pelvic walls

ovaries

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-thick membranous structure that separates the pericardial cavity from the other structures in the thoracic cavity

pericardium

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thick fibrous connective tissue layer

- most superficial layer of pericardium

fibrous pericardium

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deep to fibrous pericardium

parietal serous pericardium

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firmly adhered to the outside of the heart

- “epicardium”

visceral serous pericardium

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attached to the outside of the right atrium
hardened extension of the right atrium
ear-like structure on the anterior and lateral side

right auricle

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hardened ear-like extension from the anterior and lateral wall of the left atrium

left auricle

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superior and right end of the heart

- receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava

right atrium

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upraised, thicker bands of cardiac muscle tissue

- found in the right atrium

pectinate muscles

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dime sized indent in the medial wall of the right atrium

fossa ovalis

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enters the superior end of the right atrium

- brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the superior part of the body

superior vena cava

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enters the inferior end of the right atrium

- brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the inferior portion of the body

inferior vena cava

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medium sized vein, coursing transversely between the left atrium and left ventricle
brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the heart
posterior side of the heart

coronary sinus

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superior and left side of the heart

- has 4 pulmonary veins going into it from the posterior side

left atrium

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four veins located on the posterior wall of the left atrium
bring oxygenated blood from the lungs in to the left atrium

pulmonary veins

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- located at the inferior and right end of the heart | - pulmonary trunk exits it

right ventricle

- column like structures of cardiac muscle tissue found along the inside wall - in both the right and left ventricles - meat columns

trabeculae carnae

- at the superior end and medial side of the right ventricle - carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle

pulmonary trunk

- at the inferior end of the heart on the left side - pumps oxygenated blood to the body - very msucular

left ventricle

- at the superior end on the medial side of the left ventricle - opening is located directly posterior to the opening of the pulmonary trunk - major vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the body from the left ventricle

aorta

- two on the right and left side - split from the pulmonary trunk - carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

pulmonary arteries

- emerges from the right side of the aorta | - courses inferiorly between the right atrium and right ventricle

right coronary atery

first branch of the right coronary artery that courses along the inferior margin of the heart on the right side toward the apex of the heart

marginal branch

terminal branch of the right coronary artery that courses inferiorly between the right and left ventricles on the posterior side

posterior interventricular artery

- emerges from the left side of the aorta | - courses between the left atrium and pulmonary trunk

left coronary artery

- branch of the left coronary artery | - courses inferiorly down the anterior side of the heart, between the ventricles

anterior ventricular artery

- comes off the left coronary artery at the same place as the anterior ventricular - courses between the left artrium and left ventricle

circumflex branch of left coronary

- first branch off the aortic arch - courses superiorly to the level of the top of the sternum where it splits into the right common carotid and the right subclavian

brachiocephalic trunk

second branch off of the arch of the aorta

left common carotid

last branch off the arch of the aorta

left subclavian

what are the 3 branches of the aorta?

- brachiocephalic trunk - left common carotid - left subclavian

- go superiorly up the neck | - large artery that courses with the vagus nerve

common carotid arteries

- branch off common carotid - course superiorly (more deep) to supply the brain tissue - more lateral

internal carotid arteries

- branch off common carotid - stay close to the skull and supply facial features - more medial

external carotid arteries

- course laterally toward upper extremities | - just deep to and along the inferior edge of the clavicles

subclavian arteries

- 1st branch off the subclavian - goes through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae and foramen magnum - form basilar artery

vertebral arteries

- 2nd branch off subclavian | - goes inferiorly into the thoracic cavity and courses deep to anterior thoracic wall alongside the sternum

internal thoracic arteries

- found in the upper thoracic region - receive blood from the veins in the upper extremity - come from axillary region

subclavian veins

- large veins in the neck with the vagus nerve | - receive blood from the veins in the head and neck

internal jugular veins

- medial to the sternal end of the clavicles | - formed by the subclavian and jugular veins

brachiocephalic veins

- formed by the merging of the brachiocephalic veins | - carry deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

superior vena cava

- formed by the merging of the veins below the diaphragm | - carry blood into right atrium

inferior vena cava

formed by the subclavian once it passes under the clavicle

axillary arteries

- 3rd branch off the axillary artery | - courses superficial to the serratus anterior with the long thoracic nerve

lateral thoracic artery

- 4th branch off the axillary artery | - branches inferiorly and just anterior to the subscapularis muscle

subscapular artery

- branch off the subscapular artery | - courses laterally around the scapula to the posterior side near the infraspinous fossa

circumflex scapular artery

- branch off the subscapular artery | - courses with the thoracodorsal nerve into the deep surface of the latissimus dorsi

thoracodorsal artery

-continuation of the axillary artery distally down the upper extremity into the forearm

brachial artery

- 1st branch of brachial artery - courses posterior to the humerus - found with the radial nerve between the triceps

deep brachial artery

- continuation of the brachial artery that courses more anteriorly/superficially along the lateral side of the forearm - deep to brachioradialis

radial artery

- continuation of brachial artery that courses deep to the muscles in the anterior forearm - continues along the surface of the ulna and emerges from under the flexor compartment at the distal end of the forearm

ulnar artery

- valve at the exit of the right atrium - makes up inferior border of right atrium - between the right atrium and right ventricle

right AV valve (tricuspid)

- valve at the exit of the left atrium | - between the left atrium and left ventricle

left AV valve (bicuspid)

- cord like structures attached to the cusps of the valves - course inferiorly - "strings"

chordae tendinae

- extend as nipple like structures protruding superiorly out of the ventricular walls - attach to chordae tendinae

papillary muscles

- valve at the exit of the right ventricle | - between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

pulmonary semilunar valve

- valve at the exit of the left ventricle | - between left ventricle and the aorta

aortic semilunar valve

- course laterally and inferiorly along the anterior iliac fossa of the ileum - descending aorta splits into these

common iliac arteries

- branch off common iliac artery | - course inferiorly and deep to the inside of the pelvic cavity

internal iliac arteries

- branch off the internal iliac | - between the piriformis and the gluteus medius

superior gluteal artery

- branch off the internal iliac | - below piriformis

inferior gluteal artery

continuation of common iliac as it courses along the arcuate line of the ileum toward the lower extremity

external iliac artery

- continuation of external iliac once it crosses deep to the ilioinguinal ligament - located within femoral triangle

femoral artery

- branch off the femoral artery - slightly lateral to the femoral artery - closer to the deep surface of the femur

deep femoral artery

continuation of the femoral artery once it emerges on the posterior side of the thigh, just proximal to the knee

popliteal artery

- branch of popliteal artery | - just deep and lateral to tibialis anterior

anterior tibial artery

- branch of popliteal artery - continues distally along the posterior lower leg - goes around posterior side of medial malleolus

posterior tibial artery

- branch off the posterior tibial artery - courses deep to muscles in the posterior lower leg - along the lateral side

fibular artery

- lateral superficial vein - thumb side - courses along the lateral side of the forearm and lateral arm - continues between the deltoid and pectoralis major in the anterior axillary region

cephalic vein

- medial superficial vein | - courses up medial side of forearm and up the medial side of the arm where it merges with the brachial vein

basilic vein

- superficial vein - found across the anterior elbow - connects the cephalic vein with the basilic vein - used to draw blood

median cubital vein

- superficial vein - within the lower extremity - begins anterior to the medial malleolus, courses up the medial side of the lower leg and continues up the medial thigh - merges with the femoral vein - used in cardiac bypass

great saphenous vein