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AP Biology > Chapter 8: Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Cell Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

packing

A

a series of steps that a cell does to organize its DNA

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2
Q

chromatin

A

DNA wrapped around proteins (hint: histones)

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3
Q

centromere

A

the region joining two molecules of DNA

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4
Q

kinetochore

A

part of the centromere that connects to the spindle fiber (hint: microtubule)

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5
Q

tubulin

A

a protein that makes up microtubules

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6
Q

microtubules

A

a hollow cylindrical cytoskeleton element

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7
Q

chromatid

A

one half-chromosome

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8
Q

motor proteins

A

proteins within the kinetochore, which depolymerize microtubules and shorten them, causing the chromatids to separate

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9
Q

centrosomes

A

Structures which are made up of two centrioles, and are the poles from which spindle fibers originate. They help aid chromosomal movement in cell division, and help initiate microtubule formation.

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10
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cell’s cytoplasm

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11
Q

mitosis

A

the division of the cell’s nucleus

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12
Q

spindle

A

the array of microtubules at the metaphase plate

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13
Q

actin

A

a globular protein that links into chains, forming microfilaments, and is a component of the contractile ring in animal cells

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14
Q

myosin

A

thicker filaments made of protein

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15
Q

asters

A

star-like clusters made up of microtubules which originate from the centrosomes

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16
Q

MPF/maturation promoting factor

A

the activated complex of cyclin and cyclin-dependent protein kinase

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17
Q

proteolysis

A

the breakdown of proteins into amino acids by enzymes

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18
Q

malignant tumor

A

a tumor whose cells can spread to other organs and invade surrounding tissues

19
Q

benign tumor

A

a tumor that grows to a certain size then stops, and does not spread

20
Q

Hela cells

A

the cancer cells of Henrietta Lacks

21
Q

oncogenes

A

a cancer causing gene found in viruses and genomes of organisms

22
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

a regularly occurring gene that is involved in cell cycle regulation, and has the potential to become an oncogene if altered

23
Q

metastasis

A

the migration of cancer cells from their origin

24
Q

signal transduction pathway

A

a mechanism linking mechanical or chemical stimulus to a cellular response

25
Q

transcription factor

A

a protein that stimulates transcription of genes by binding to DNA

26
Q

telomerase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres

27
Q

telomeres

A

repeated DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes

28
Q

recombinants

A

new combinations of genes

29
Q

gametes/sex cells/germ cells

A

mature reproductive cell, (hint: a sperm or an egg)

30
Q

diploid

A

a cell with two copies of each chromosome

31
Q

haploid

A

a cell with one copy of each chromosome

32
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosome pairs that have the same genetic composition and are derived from different parents

33
Q

synapsis

A

the pairing of homologous chromosomes

34
Q

chiasma (pl. chiasmata)

A

the area where crossing over takes place between homologous chromosomes

35
Q

tetrad

A

a structure composed of two homologues in synapsis (4 chromatids)

36
Q

disjunction

A

the separation of homologous chromosomes

37
Q

independent assortment

A

the result of the random orientation of homologous pairs of chromosomes along the metaphase plate

38
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation of sperm

39
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

tubes in the testes where spermatogenesis takes place

40
Q

Sertoli cells

A

nutrient cells that nourish developing sperm

41
Q

gonads

A

gamete producing organs in most animals

42
Q

oogonium

A

cells that give rise to the primary oocyte

43
Q

polar body

A

a cell that results from an unequal division of cytoplasm during oogenesis, and eventually degrades

44
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg

AP Biology (14 decks)

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