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AP Biology > Chapter 6: Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genetic material

A

hereditary information

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2
Q

gamete

A

sex cells

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3
Q

autosomal cells

A

body cells

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4
Q

minimal medium

A

the minimum amount of material needed to grow

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5
Q

spore

A

an asexual seed

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6
Q

virulent

A

extremely harmful of toxic

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7
Q

bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects and destroys bacteria

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8
Q

double helix

A

a double-stranded spiral that makes up DNA molecular structure

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9
Q

pyrimidine

A

a nitrogenous base with a characteristic single ring structure (hint: cytosine and thymine)

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10
Q

purine

A

a nitrogenous base with a two ring characteristic structure (hint: adenine and guanine)

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11
Q

antiparallel

A

the overall direction of two complementary strands relative to one another such that their 5’ to 3’ orientation run opposite of each other

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12
Q

isotopes

A

different forms of an element that have the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons and atomic mass

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13
Q

differential centrifugation

A

a technique that involves the separation of cellular particles according to their mass, size, or density

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14
Q

polymerization

A

a process by which a large molecule is constructed

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15
Q

phosphodiester linkages

A

the linkages that hold nucleotides together

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16
Q

DNA polymerase

A

the enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of new DNA strands

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17
Q

helicase

A

an enzyme that unwinds the double-stranded DNA before replication at the site of the replication fork

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18
Q

single strand binding protein

A

an enzyme that stabilizes the unwound helix during replication

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19
Q

RNA primer

A

a strand of RNA nucleotides that is required for DNA synthesis

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20
Q

primase

A

an enzyme that synthesizes RNA primer

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21
Q

okazaki fragments

A

small pieces of nucleotide that are used to synthesize DNA from the lagging strand

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22
Q

ligase

A

an enzyme responsible for joining Okazaki fragments into a single DNA strands

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23
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

an enzyme that assists in removing RNA primers from a DNA strand, replacing them with DNA

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24
Q

leading strand

A

the strand of DNA of grows continuously in the direction of the replication fork, and can be read easily

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25
Q

lagging strand

A

the strand of DNA that grows away from the replication fork, and cannot be read easily

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26
Q

excision repair

A

an incorrect DNA sequence is cut out and replaced with the correct sequence

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27
Q

telomeres

A

repeating sequences of nucleotide found at the end of DNA strands, which are made up of tandem repeats

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28
Q

telomerase

A

an enzyme that can polymerize telomere sequences

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29
Q

polypeptide

A

a chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

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30
Q

transcription

A

the process where information on DNA is coded into a messenger RNA molecule

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31
Q

translation

A

information on the messenger RNA molecule is converted by a ribosome into a polypeptide strand

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32
Q

codon

A

3 bases on an mRNA strand that designate a particular amino acid

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33
Q

transcription unit

A

the sequence on the DNA strand to be coded in mRNA

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34
Q

promoter sequence

A

a series of DNA nucleotides (15-300 base pairs long) that serves as the site where RNA polymerase binds

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35
Q

transcription factors

A

a collection of proteins that help RNA polymerase recognize and bind to the promoter

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36
Q

terminator sequence

A

DNA nucleotides that signal the end of transcription

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37
Q

poly (A) tail

A

consists of 30-200 adenine nucleotides and is attached to the 3’ end of the mRNA molecule. It protects against degradation and helps export mRNA from the nucleus.

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38
Q

introns

A

intervening sequences of noncoding nucleotides that occur between coding sequences

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39
Q

exons

A

expressed sequences of the mRNA transcript

40
Q

spliceosomes

A

a composition of proteins and small nuclear Ribonuclear Proteins (hint: snRNPs)

41
Q

anticodon loop

A

contains a sequence of 3 nucleotides (anticodon) which are complementary to 3 nucleotides (codon) on the mRNA strand

42
Q

nucleolus

A

a site in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosomes are assembled

43
Q

redundancy/degeneracy

A

describes the relative unimportance the third nucleotide plays for specifying a given amino acid (hint: ACU and ACC both specify for the amino acid threonine)

44
Q

charged tRNA

A

a tRNA molecule bound to an amino acid with a high energy covalent bond (hint: also called aminoacyl tRNA)

45
Q

ribozymes

A

enzymes made of RNA that assist in RNA splicing

46
Q

elongation

A

the addition of amino acids one by one to form a polypeptide chain

47
Q

codon recognition

A

the anticodon of the tRNA binds with the complimentary sequences of the mRNA codon

48
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent links that form by dehydration reactions between amino acids

49
Q

stop codon

A

1 of 3 sequences of three nucleotides on the mRNA strand, (UAG, UAA, or UGA) which accepts a protein release factor, thus terminating elongation

50
Q

polyribosomes

A

several ribosomes attached to an mRNA strand that increase efficiency of translation. They occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

51
Q

signal peptides

A

sequences of about 20 amino acids on polypeptides that direct a protein to the ER

52
Q

lac operon

A

regulates mRNA transcription of enzymes responsible for digesting lactose

53
Q

transcriptional controls

A

control whether or not mRNA is produced

54
Q

gene expression

A

transcription and translation to form a polypeptide

55
Q

repressor protein

A

a protein that binds to an operator site and blocks RNA polymerase

56
Q

operator/operator site

A

the site downstream from the promoter where the repressor protein binds

57
Q

inducible operon

A

a regulatory unit that is activated when a small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein

58
Q

repressible operon

A

a regulatory unit that is inhibited when a small molecule binds with a regulatory protein

59
Q

allolactose

A

an isomer of lactose

60
Q

operon

A

a unit of genetic function that consists of regulated sets of genes with related functions

61
Q

allosteric site

A

a specific receptor site on an enzyme apart from the active site. Molecules bind here and change the shape of the active site.

62
Q

genome

A

the DNA in a complete set of an organism’s chromosomes (both coding for proteins and non-coding DNA)

63
Q

chromosome

A

a highly compacted form of DNA and associate proteins

64
Q

nucleosome

A

a segment of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins

65
Q

chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and proteins in eukaryotes

66
Q

domains

A

the loops of third level DNA, where chromatin fiber is looped and anchored onto a scaffold protein

67
Q

denature

A

the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds

68
Q

tandem repeats/satellite DNA

A

sequences of DNA that repeat one after the other up to several hundred thousand times (ie: GTTAC GTTAC GTTAC, etc.)

69
Q

interspersed repetitive DNA

A

sequences of repetitive DNA which are scattered throughout the genome. These sequences are not always identical, but must be similar.

70
Q

reanneal

A

the coming-together of DNA strands

71
Q

centromere

A

the region of a chromosome that joins two sister chromatids, and is made up of multiple tandem repeat sequences

72
Q

gene family

A

long, repeating DNA sequences that can code for genes and are capable of transcribing RNA

73
Q

pseudogenes

A

copies of existing genes that lack regulatory sequences that are necessary for gene expression

74
Q

gene amplification

A

takes place when many copies of a gene are synthesized in order to increase production of the gene product (hint: salamander eggs and cancer cells)

75
Q

transposon/jumping genes

A

a segment of DNA that is able to copy itself and insert this copy elsewhere in a chromosome

76
Q

retrotransposons

A

a transposable element that moves within a genome by means of an RNA intermediate

77
Q

histone

A

a small protein involved in DNA packing

78
Q

nucleoid

A

region where DNA concentrations are found in prokaryotic cells

79
Q

gene controls

A

methods used to ensure that certain genes are only expressed when needed

80
Q

totipotent

A

containing a full set of hereditary instructions

81
Q

transformation

A

transfer of genetic material from one cell to another

82
Q

complementarity

A

sets of hydrogen bonds link base pairs together (2 hydrogen bonds between thymine and adenine, and 3 hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine)

83
Q

endonucleases

A

cut DNA internally

84
Q

exonucleases

A

chews away at the end of DNA, helps proofread, and is used by DNA polymerase I to remove the primers after replication

85
Q

replisome

A

a replication organelle, made up of an assembly of proteins

86
Q

primosome

A

made up of primase/helicase and other proteins

87
Q

gene

A

a sequence of nucleotides that determines the amino acid sequence of a protein

88
Q

triplet code

A

the 3-nucleotide sequence in each codon

89
Q

reading frame

A

part of the genetic code that is read by mRNA

90
Q

template strand (antisense strand)

A

the strand of DNA that is copied

91
Q

coding strand (sense strand)

A

the strand of DNA that is not copied, and is identical to RNA

92
Q

-35 sequence

A

TTGACA, which is 35 nucleotides away from where transcription starts

93
Q

-10 sequence

A

TATAAT, which is 10 nucleotides from where transcription starts

94
Q

transcription bubble

A

the area containing RNA polymerase, DNA, and the growing mRNA strand

95
Q

CG hairpin

A

causes polymerase to pause and let go of DNA

96
Q

nonsense codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

97
Q

initiation factors

A

proteins that position tRNAfMet (in prokaryotes) or methionine (in eukaryotes) at the P site

AP Biology (14 decks)

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