Chapter 4: Respiration

Question 1

phosphorylated intermediates

Answer 1

molecules that couple energy from ATP hydrolysis with an endergonic reaction, resulting in an exergonic reaction, thus making the reaction able to occur spontaneously

Question 2

phosphorylation

Answer 2

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

Question 3

respiration

Answer 3

the process in which ATP is generated and stored from the breakdown of organic molecules, namely glucose

Question 4

glycolysis

Answer 4

the first step of respiration, in which enzymes break down glucose, and use the released energy to make ATP. This process takes place in the cytoplasm, and is anaerobic.

Question 5

pyruvate

Answer 5

a three-carbon substance produced by glycolysis

Question 6

oxidation

Answer 6

the loss of electrons, resulting in a positive charge on the ion

Question 7

reduction

Answer 7

the gain of electrons, resulting in a negative charge on the ion

Question 8

oxidizing agent

Answer 8

the ion that is reduced

Question 9

reducing agent

Answer 9

the ion that is oxidized

Question 10

NAD+

Answer 10

a cofactor/coenzyme that is a dinucleotide derived from niacin, a type of B vitamin. This molecule gains a hydrogen atom during an oxidation-reduction reaction, and thus helps transport electrons.

Question 11

high-energy bond

Answer 11

a bond that, when broken, releases large amounts of energy

Question 12

aerobic

Answer 12

requiring oxygen

Question 13

anaerobic

Answer 13

not requiring oxygen

Question 14

cofactor

Answer 14

a nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for an enzyme’s function

Question 15

dehydrogenase

Answer 15

an enzyme that transfers hydrogen atoms from food to NAD+

Question 16

hexokinase

Answer 16

the enzyme that is responsible for the first step of glycolysis, in which glucose is phosphorylated into a glucose-6-phosphate

Question 17

phosphoglucoisomerase

Answer 17

an isomerase enzyme that is responsible for the second step of glycolysis, in which glucose-6-phosphate becomes fructose-6-phosphate

Question 18

isomerase

Answer 18

a specific type of enzyme that converts a molecule into one of its isomers

Question 19

phosphofructokinase

Answer 19

the enzyme that is responsible for the third step of glycolysis, in which fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated into fructose 1,6-biphosphate

Question 20

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 20

the process by which ATP is produced by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP

Question 21

triose phosphate dehydrogenase

Answer 21

a three-carbon sugar phosphate enzyme that is responsible for the sixth step of glycolysis, in which G3P is oxidized and phosphorylated to produce 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and 2 NADH + H+ molecules are produced

Question 22

phosphoglycerokinase

Answer 22

the enzyme that is responsible for the seventh step of glycolysis, in which a phosphate group is removed from each 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, forming a 3-phosphoglycerate and 2 ATP

Question 23

phosphoglyceromutase

Answer 23

the enzyme that is responsible for the eighth step of glycolysis, in which the remaining phosphate group of a 3-phosphoglycerate molecule is transferred to the middle carbon of a 2-phosphoglycerate molecule

Question 24

enolase

Answer 24

the enzyme that is responsible for the ninth step of glycolysis, in which 2-phosphoglycerate becomes phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by the removal of a water molecule, and a double bond is formed on both 2-phosphoglycerate molecules

Question 25

pyruvate kinase

Answer 25

the enzyme that is responsible for the tenth step of glycolysis, in which PEP molecules are dephosphorylated to produce 2 pyruvates and 2 ATP

Question 26

facultative anaerobes

Answer 26

organisms that are able to undergo fermentation when deprived of oxygen (hint: yeast)

Question 27

alcohol fermentation

Answer 27

the anaerobic process in which a pyruvate molecule is decarboxylated, hydrogen from NADH + H+ is used to convert acetaldehyde to ethanol, resulting in NAD+, CO2, and 2 ATP

Question 28

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 28

the anaerobic process in which 2 pyruvates are converted to 2 lactic acid molecules, and then the lactic acid molecules are ionized to form lactate, and 2 NADH + H+ becomes 2 NAD+, and 2 ATP

Question 29

isomerization

Answer 29

the process in which a molecule is converted into its isomer

Question 30

G3P

Answer 30

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 31

PEP

Answer 31

phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 32

decarboxylation

Answer 32

the removal of a carbon dioxide molecule

Question 33

Electron transport chain

Answer 33

A sequence of electron carrier membrane proteins that move electrons through a series of redox reactions that release energy to make ATP

Question 34

Phosphorylated intermediates

Answer 34

the energy from ATP is transferred to another molecule to feul a reaction

Question 35

ATP synthase

Answer 35

a protein complex that is able to make ATP from the movement of H+ down a concentration gradient

Question 36

Chemiosmosis

Answer 36

the movement of protons across the membrane and through ATP synthase which drives the production of ATP

Question 37

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 37

 the process of ATP production that is driven by oxidation (redox) reactions