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AP Biology > Chapter 4: Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

phosphorylated intermediates

A

molecules that couple energy from ATP hydrolysis with an endergonic reaction, resulting in an exergonic reaction, thus making the reaction able to occur spontaneously

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2
Q

phosphorylation

A

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

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3
Q

respiration

A

the process in which ATP is generated and stored from the breakdown of organic molecules, namely glucose

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4
Q

glycolysis

A

the first step of respiration, in which enzymes break down glucose, and use the released energy to make ATP. This process takes place in the cytoplasm, and is anaerobic.

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5
Q

pyruvate

A

a three-carbon substance produced by glycolysis

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6
Q

oxidation

A

the loss of electrons, resulting in a positive charge on the ion

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7
Q

reduction

A

the gain of electrons, resulting in a negative charge on the ion

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8
Q

oxidizing agent

A

the ion that is reduced

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9
Q

reducing agent

A

the ion that is oxidized

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10
Q

NAD+

A

a cofactor/coenzyme that is a dinucleotide derived from niacin, a type of B vitamin. This molecule gains a hydrogen atom during an oxidation-reduction reaction, and thus helps transport electrons.

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11
Q

high-energy bond

A

a bond that, when broken, releases large amounts of energy

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12
Q

aerobic

A

requiring oxygen

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13
Q

anaerobic

A

not requiring oxygen

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14
Q

cofactor

A

a nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for an enzyme’s function

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15
Q

dehydrogenase

A

an enzyme that transfers hydrogen atoms from food to NAD+

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16
Q

hexokinase

A

the enzyme that is responsible for the first step of glycolysis, in which glucose is phosphorylated into a glucose-6-phosphate

17
Q

phosphoglucoisomerase

A

an isomerase enzyme that is responsible for the second step of glycolysis, in which glucose-6-phosphate becomes fructose-6-phosphate

18
Q

isomerase

A

a specific type of enzyme that converts a molecule into one of its isomers

19
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

the enzyme that is responsible for the third step of glycolysis, in which fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated into fructose 1,6-biphosphate

20
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

the process by which ATP is produced by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP

21
Q

triose phosphate dehydrogenase

A

a three-carbon sugar phosphate enzyme that is responsible for the sixth step of glycolysis, in which G3P is oxidized and phosphorylated to produce 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and 2 NADH + H+ molecules are produced

22
Q

phosphoglycerokinase

A

the enzyme that is responsible for the seventh step of glycolysis, in which a phosphate group is removed from each 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, forming a 3-phosphoglycerate and 2 ATP

23
Q

phosphoglyceromutase

A

the enzyme that is responsible for the eighth step of glycolysis, in which the remaining phosphate group of a 3-phosphoglycerate molecule is transferred to the middle carbon of a 2-phosphoglycerate molecule

24
Q

enolase

A

the enzyme that is responsible for the ninth step of glycolysis, in which 2-phosphoglycerate becomes phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by the removal of a water molecule, and a double bond is formed on both 2-phosphoglycerate molecules

25
Q

pyruvate kinase

A

the enzyme that is responsible for the tenth step of glycolysis, in which PEP molecules are dephosphorylated to produce 2 pyruvates and 2 ATP

26
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

organisms that are able to undergo fermentation when deprived of oxygen (hint: yeast)

27
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

the anaerobic process in which a pyruvate molecule is decarboxylated, hydrogen from NADH + H+ is used to convert acetaldehyde to ethanol, resulting in NAD+, CO2, and 2 ATP

28
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

the anaerobic process in which 2 pyruvates are converted to 2 lactic acid molecules, and then the lactic acid molecules are ionized to form lactate, and 2 NADH + H+ becomes 2 NAD+, and 2 ATP

29
Q

isomerization

A

the process in which a molecule is converted into its isomer

30
Q

G3P

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

31
Q

PEP

A

phosphoenolpyruvate

32
Q

decarboxylation

A

the removal of a carbon dioxide molecule

33
Q

Electron transport chain

A

A sequence of electron carrier membrane proteins that move electrons through a series of redox reactions that release energy to make ATP

34
Q

Phosphorylated intermediates

A

the energy from ATP is transferred to another molecule to feul a reaction

35
Q

ATP synthase

A

a protein complex that is able to make ATP from the movement of H+ down a concentration gradient

36
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

the movement of protons across the membrane and through ATP synthase which drives the production of ATP

37
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

the process of ATP production that is driven by oxidation (redox) reactions

AP Biology (14 decks)

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