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AP Biology > Chapter 11: The Evolution of Life on Earth > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Evolution of Life on Earth Flashcards

1
Q

systematics

A

the study of the diversity of life forms which categorizes species based on phylogenetic relationships determined by concepts such as evolutionary history, genetics, and anatomy

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2
Q

taxonomy

A

a branch of systematics that creates a classification scheme for organisms

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3
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

the inventor of the Binomial Nomenclature system

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4
Q

clade

A

an evolutionary branch in a phylogenetic tree, which represents a divergence between species

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5
Q

cladogram/phylogenetic tree

A

a graphic representation of the evolutionary relationship between characteristics organisms

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6
Q

phenetics

A

the data-driven field of systematics

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7
Q

cladistics

A

the phylogenetic approach to systematics

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8
Q

phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species

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9
Q

homologies

A

equivalent structures resulting from a shared ancestry

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10
Q

general homology

A

a trait shared by all organisms in question

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11
Q

special homology

A

a trait shared by some organisms in question

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12
Q

homoplasy

A

the occurrence of homoplastic/analogous structures which perform similar functions, but do not share a recent common ancestry

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13
Q

derived traits

A

traits which only occur in descendants, not in the ancestor

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14
Q

outgroup

A

a species or group of species that are more closely related to each other than to other species in their clade

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15
Q

homeotic genes

A

master controls genes for other genes (ex: genes which determine segmental growth)

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16
Q

domain

A

the highest-level taxonomic category, superior to kingdom. It was proposed by Woese, Kandler, and Wheelis in 1990 in order to reflect the relationships of organisms suggested by molecular data

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17
Q

photoautotrophic

A

an organism that extracts energy from light to fix the carbon from carbon dioxide

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18
Q

photoheterotrophic

A

an organism that extracts energy from light but must rely on other organisms as a source of carbon

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19
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

anaerobes which cannot switch between aerobic and anaerobic

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20
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the process of splitting molecular nitrogen and making it biologically available as ammonia (NH3)

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21
Q

enteric

A

pertaining to the gut

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22
Q

peptidoglycan

A

a lipopolysaccharide found in the cell wall of Bacteria

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23
Q

protists

A

a generic word describing single-celled eukaryotes

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24
Q

mixotroph

A

an organism that can act as both a heterotroph and autotroph

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25
dessication
drying out
26
coevolution
how the evolution of one species affects the evolution of another, and vice versa
27
xylem and phloem
vascular tissues involved in conducting water and nutrients
28
spore
a single, haploid (n) cell that can give rise to an entire organism
29
seed
a plant embryo enclosed in a protective coat
30
tracheophytes
vascular plants
31
sori
structures on the underside of fern leaves that contain sporangia
32
hermaphroditic
having both male and female sexual structures
33
homosporous
having one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte (hint: ferns)
34
heterosporous
having two types of spores that give rise separately to male and female gametophytes (hint: seed plants)
35
dioecious
having male and female reproductive structures on separate plants
36
monoecious
having both male and female reproductive structures on the same plant
37
fruit
plant structures that contain seeds
38
cotyledons
the seeds leaves of an angiosperm embryo
39
meristem
the region of plant tissue where cells are dividing allowing for the plant to grow
40
fungi
generally multicellular heterotrophs that absorb nutrients using extracellular digestion
41
colonial
a group of cells that are physically adjoining, but not dependent on each other
42
divergent evolution
the division of an ancestral group into two or more lineages that share homologous structures or patterns of development
43
cephalization
the aggregation of sensory organs at one end of an organism; the development of a head
44
germ layers
concentric layers of undifferentiated cells in an embryo which will give rise to the various tissues and organs of the body
45
coelom
a body cavity
46
cleavage
a rapid series of mitotic divisions that creates a solid ball of cells called the morula. By the end of this process, the morula has transformed into a blastula, a hollow ball of cells.
47
totipotency
the ability for each cell of an embryo to have the potential to form all parts of an organism
48
amplexus
a type of controlled, external fertilization where the male fertilizes a specific female's eggs
49
amniotic egg
a type of egg that has a hard outer shell and inner membranes which allow for respiration while preventing water loss
50
monophyletic
having one common ancestor
51
diploblastic
having two cell layers
52
sessile
resting on the bottom
53
alternation of generations
the alternation of haploid and diploid stages in the life cycle of sexual organisms
54
acoelomate
an animal which lacks a cavity between the outer body wall and the gut
55
pseudocoelomate
an organism with a body cavity derived from endoderm on one side and mesoderm on the other
56
schizocoelous
the formation of the coelom from the splitting of the mesoderm
57
blastopore
the opening of the archenteron in the gastrula
58
enterocoelous
development in which the coelom is formed from gut tissue
59
zooplankton
the community of small animals suspended in the water column of marine and freshwater habitats
60
notochord
a) a cartilaginous structure that establishes a dorsal axis in a developing embryo and may later take part in the formation of the vertebrae b) a flexible rod running the length of the body in the embryos of all chordates
61
axial skeleton
skeletal features of the head, neck, and trunk
62
appendicular skeleton
skeletal features of the appendages
63
superclass
an informal taxonomic division above the level of class and below the level of the phylum
64
polyspermy
the fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm
65
depolarization
an electrical charge which occurs when the inside of a cell is made less negative than the outside of the cell compared to its resting membrane potential
66
zygote
a fertilized egg that is diploid
67
blastocoel
the cavity inside of the blastula
68
gastrula
the three-layered structure that results after the blastula undergoes gastrulation
69
model organism
an organism that is intensively studied by many researchers asking many different questions and that is chosen to provide information that can direct research in other less-studied species
70
maternal cytoplasmic factors
molecules of mRNA or protein in an egg that are the products of the mother's genome, are distributed to the egg's cytoplasm by follicle cells, and direct traits expressed in the offspring
71
F1
first filial generation, the progeny of a cross between two parents
72
F2
F2: second filial generation, the progeny of the cross between F1 offspring
73
maternal-effect gene
a gene whose phenotype is expressed in offspring of the mother possessing it, through provisioning of the egg cytoplasm with maternal mRNA or protein
74
morphogen
a diffusable substance that by its concentration gradient will determine the pattern of development in an organism
75
gap genes
genes that are responsible for gross subdivision of the embryo, or groups of adjacent segments in the developing embryo
76
pair-rule genes
genes that are responsible for whole sets of alternate segments
77
segment-polarity genes
genes that control the anterior-posterior polarity of every segment
78
homeotic genes
genes whose mutations cause one part of a body to develop as if it were in another part of the body

AP Biology (14 decks)

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