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AP Biology > Chapter 3: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cytology

A

the study of plant and animal cells

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2
Q

cell theory

A

all living things consist of cells, and cells arise from pre-existing cells

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3
Q

biogenesis

A

the theory that cells come from pre-existing cells

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4
Q

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

A

in the 1600s, this person was the first to ever observe cells. He also discovered bacteria, and used lenses to observe microscopic organisms.

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5
Q

Robert Hooke

A

in the 1600s, this person designed his own microscope to study microscopic subunits of life, which he named “cells”

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6
Q

Lorenz Oken

A

in 1805, he claimed that all organic beings originate from and consist of cells

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7
Q

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

A

also the first person to come up with a theory on the mechanism of evolution, he also restated Oken’s theory that organic beings originate from and consist of cells

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8
Q

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

A

in 1838 and 1839 they unified cell theory to include plant and animal kingdoms

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9
Q

Rudolph Virchow

A

in 1858, he proposed that cells come from pre-existing cells, thus challenging the theory of spontaneous generation

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10
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

around 1858, he disproved spontaneous generation by boiling liquid in a straight-necked flask, and a swan-necked flask

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11
Q

micron

A

the unit of cell measure, equal to one millionth of a meter

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12
Q

membrane

A

a casing around the outside of a cell and it’s internal organelles that is made of a phospholipid bilayer

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13
Q

organelle

A

a structure in a eukaryotic cell that performs a specific function

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14
Q

ribosome

A

a part of the cell that makes proteins

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15
Q

chromosome

A

an organized collection of DNA

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16
Q

nucleoid

A

the area of DNA concentration in a prokaryotic cell

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17
Q

compartmentalization

A

the evolutionary process by which cells have developed organelles, suited for the purpose of increasing the efficiency of cell metabolism

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18
Q

cytoplasm

A

all of the contents of the cell, excluding the nucleus

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19
Q

cytosol

A

the liquid part of the cytoplasm

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20
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

the model for membrane structure which states that membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer that contains hydrophilic proteins

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21
Q

pore complex

A

the group of proteins that surround a pore in the nuclear envelope and allow the transport of materials into and out of the nucleus

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22
Q

nucleolus

A

the site for ribosome synthesis

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23
Q

nuclear envelope

A

the porous double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, is embedded with ribosomal subunits, and has pore complexes lined with protein

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24
Q

nuclear lamina

A

the layer of structural proteins that hold the nucleus together

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25
Q

chromatin

A

a fiberous complex consisting of DNA and proteins in an uncondensed form (before DNA becomes rod-shaped)

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26
Q

histone

A

a group of five proteins, characterized by a high amount of positively charged amino acids, that is associated with DNA

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27
Q

lumen

A

the cavity inside any tubular part of a structure

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28
Q

cisternae or “faces”

A

the inner space of the endoplasmic reticulum, or flattened membrane sacs of the Golgi apparatus

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29
Q

synthesis

A

the formation of macromolecules

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30
Q

steroids

A

a versatile class of lipids that can be used in the formation of molecules like testosterone and cholesterol

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31
Q

vesicle

A

membrane-enclosed sacks which hold proteins

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32
Q

trans face

A

the part of the Golgi apparatus that lies closest to the cell’s plasma membrane

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33
Q

cis face

A

the part of the Golgi apparatus that lies closest to the nucleus or endoplasmic reticulum

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34
Q

docking molecules

A

a chemical “address label” that indicates a protein’s destination

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35
Q

membrane fusion

A

the merging of membranes to allow the movement of materials

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36
Q

exocytosis

A

the process of releasing materials through the plasma membrane

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37
Q

phagocytosis

A

the process of engulfing extracellular particles by surrounding them with extensions of the plasma membrane called “pseudopods”

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38
Q

tonoplast

A

the membrane of a water vacuole

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39
Q

osmosis

A

the process by which water moves from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration (hint: diffusion)

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40
Q

DNA homology

A

a similar genetic sequence due to common ancestry

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41
Q

glycoprotein

A

proteins that have a carbohydrate chain covalently linked to amino acid side chains

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42
Q

autophagy

A

“self-eating”, a form of organelle recycling by the decomposition of those organelles

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43
Q

water vacuole or central vacuole

A

a vacuole that maintains the cell’s water balance, stores toxic waste, and stores proteins that aren’t immediately needed

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44
Q

contractile vacuole

A

a vacuole that collects excess water in the cytoplasm from osmosis, and expels it through a por in the plasma membrane

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45
Q

peroxisome

A

an organelle that houses reactions which produce hydrogen peroxide (a cell toxin), as well as peroxidase enzymes, which break the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

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46
Q

actin

A

a globular protein of which microfilaments are made

47
Q

nanometer

A

one one-thousandth of a micron

48
Q

microvilli

A

fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that increase the cell’s surface area

49
Q

dystrophin

A

a protein that acts as an anchor for microfiliaments in muscle cells (hint: it can cause muscular dystrophy if it is defected)

50
Q

dimer

A

a molecule that has two subunits

51
Q

centrosome

A

a region of a eukaryotic cell where centrioles are located

52
Q

centrioles

A

a pair of structures made from microtubules that enable chromosomal movement during cell division

53
Q

flagella

A

relatively long structures made of microtubules that enable propulsion or movement of substances outside of the cell

54
Q

cilia

A

short, hair-like projections made of microtubules that serve to propel organisms using a rowing motion

55
Q

protein motor molecule

A

proteins that enable movement between microtubules (hint: dynein)

56
Q

peptidoglycan

A

polymers of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides (chains of amino acids)

57
Q

chitin

A

a structural polysaccharide

58
Q

cellulose

A

a structural polymer consisting of strands of glucose with alternate beta linkages

59
Q

pectin

A

a molecule that binds cellulose molecules together in cell walls

60
Q

plasmodesmata (singular, plasmodesma)

A

cytoplasmic channels that run through adjacent plant cells

61
Q

selective permeability

A

describes the plasma membrane’s ability to allow certain molecules to pass through more easily than others

62
Q

extracellular matrix

A

an integrated network of collagen, carbohydrates, and proteins that provides support and communication for animal cells

63
Q

integrin

A

a class of plasma membrane proteins that have short glycoprotein receptors for binding to fibronectins

64
Q

oligosaccharide

A

a short polysaccharide (fewer than 15 simple sugars) that plays a role in cell-cell recognition

65
Q

epithelial cells

A

sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities

66
Q

tight junction

A

adjacent cell interactions that do not allow for any intercellular space between the cells

67
Q

desmosomes

A

a type of cell junction, where “rivets” bind adjacent cells with keratin fibers

68
Q

gap junctions

A

allow the transfer os small molecules between 2 adjacent cells

69
Q

signal transduction

A

the ability to induce a reaction in another part of the cell

70
Q

antigens

A

foreign molecules in an organism that ellicit an immune response

71
Q

proteoglycans

A

a family of glycoproteins that have a core polypeptide with numberous carbohydrate chains attached

72
Q

fibronectins

A

a family of glycoproteins consisting of two polypeptides linked by bonds

73
Q

integral proteins or transmembranal proteins

A

proteins that are located inside the plasma membrane

74
Q

peripheral proteins

A

proteins that are embedded into the surface of the plasma membrane

75
Q

passive transport

A

the movement of molecules across the cell that does not require the expenditure of energy (ATP) (hint: diffusion)

76
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (hint: entropy)

77
Q

concentration gradient

A

the relative density of one chemical substance versus another

78
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the passive transport of molecules down a concentration gradient with the aid of special transport proteins located in the cell membrane

79
Q

osmosis

A

the passage of water across a membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration

80
Q

solute

A

a substance dissolved in a solution

81
Q

solvent

A

the dissolving agent of a solution

82
Q

hypertonic

A

higher relative concentration of solute

83
Q

hypotonic

A

lower relative concentration of solute

84
Q

isotonic

A

same relative concentration of solute

85
Q

turgid

A

the rigidness of a plant due to its water vacuoles being filled

86
Q

flaccid

A

the lack of rigidity in a plant due to its water vacuoles being less full

87
Q

plasmolysis

A

the pulling away of the plasma membrane from the cell wall due to excessive water loss

88
Q

ATP

A

a molecule that stores energy in its phosphate bonds for later use. It is the “energy currency” of cells

89
Q

active transport

A

the pumping of molecules against the concentration gradient (low –> high) with the expenditures of ATP

90
Q

pumps

A

transmembranal proteins which move molecules and ions across the cell membrane

91
Q

electrogenic pump

A

a protein that actively transports ions resulting in an ionic and voltage gradient. This gradient is a form of stored energy used to feul other processes.

92
Q

cotransport

A

a coupled passage of two materials across a membrane

93
Q

depolarization

A

a change in the voltage (charge difference) across the membrane resulting from the movement of Na+ through channels into the cell

94
Q

resting potential

A

the voltage (charge difference) across the membrane of a cell while it is in an unexcited state

95
Q

endocytosis

A

the import of materials to the cell by infolding of the flasma membrane

96
Q

pinocytosis

A

also called “cell drinking,” the cell forms vesicles to take in fluid

97
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

vesicles form only when molecules are hooked into the receptor proteins

98
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

a condition resulting from a deficiency in the receptor protein responsible for transporing LDL (low density lipoprotein) out of the bloodstream and into the cell. The defect in the receprot protein means that the receptors cannot grab the LDL, and LDL plaque could build up along the arterial wall.

99
Q

magnification

A

the extent to which an image is enlarged by a lense

100
Q

resolution

A

the clarity of an object, which is a measure of how close two points can be and still be distinguished from each other

101
Q

freeze fracturing

A

a process in which a frozen specimen is split under a vacuum and then shadowed with a platinum/carbon mix, resulting in a replica of the fractures surface

102
Q

differential centrifugation

A

the process of separating a mixture by spinning it at a given speed, causing the heavier materials to drop to the bottom

103
Q

pellet

A

the material in the bottom of a centrifuge after differential centrifugation

104
Q

supernatant

A

the material that is not at the bottom of the centrifuge after differential centrifugation

105
Q

E face

A

in a freeze fractured cell membrane, this is the side closest to the exterior

106
Q

P face

A

in a freeze fractured cell membrane, this is the face closest to the cytoplasm

107
Q

nutrition (food)

A

consists of raw materials for growth and reproduction, and is a source of energy

108
Q

autotrophic

A

means “self-making,” and describes an organism that extracts energy from light or chemical bonds other than carbon-carbon bonds

109
Q

photosynthesis

A

the transformation of light energy into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbon compounds such as sugars

110
Q

heterotrophic

A

means “other-feeding,” and describes an organism that extracts energy from carbon-carbon bonds formed in other organisms

111
Q

microfilament

A

a component of the cytoskeleton that is 7nm in diameter, and is made up of twisted double strands of actin protein. It controls muscle contraction, the formation of the cleavage furrow in cell division, the movement of pseudopodia, and provides structural support to microvilli.

112
Q

intermediate filament

A

a component of the cytoskeleton that is 8-12nm in diameter, consists of rope-like proteins, and makes up the nuclear lamina. Most of them belong to the keratin family.

113
Q

Microtubule

A

a component of the cytoskeleton that is 25nm in diameter, and is comprised of a spiral of protein subunits. It separates and moves chromosomes in cell division.

AP Biology (14 decks)

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