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Histology > Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

arterioles can be distinguished from muscular arteries because of the size of their _____

A

diameter

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2
Q

___ ____, the largest lymphatic vessel in the body conveys a mixture of lymph and chyle (emulsified fats and free fatty acids) from the cisterna chyli in the abdomen and upward through the thorax to the left subclavian vein in the root of the neck

A

Thoracic duct

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3
Q

collects excess fluid from body tissues and returns it as lymph to the blood circulation

A

lymphatic system

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4
Q

smooth muscle cells in the arteries communicate with neighboring cells through the use of ___ ____.

A

gap junctions

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5
Q

the ___ wall is thicker than the wall of the ___ because it is constantly receiving more blood

A

ventricles, atria

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6
Q

the ___ ___ in vascular smooth muscle cells act as sites of electric coupling to allow cells to act ____.

A

gap junctions, synchronously

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7
Q

free edges of the AV valves are continuous with ___ ___, which attach to papillary muscles associated with ventricles

A

chordae tendinae

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8
Q

This layer of the heart has two layers, deeper loose fatty connective tissue is covered externally by mesothelium

A

epicardium

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9
Q

Contracted vascular smooth muscle cell has an ___, corrugated nucleus
Relaxed cell: _____ nucleus

A

irregular, elongated

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10
Q

vary greatly in size and can change their size markedly in response to functional demands

A

Muscular arteries

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11
Q

veins also include ____ to prevent backflow of blood as it returns to the heart against the force of gravity

A

valves

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12
Q

___ capillaries are found in bone marrow, spleen, liver, adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis, and the adrenal cortex

A

sinusoidal

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13
Q

Lymphatic capillaries also play a role in homeostasis by regulating interstitial fluid ___ and maintaining ____ ____

A

pressure, plasma volume

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14
Q

three types of capillaries include

A

tight, fenestrated, and sinusoidal

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15
Q

Just before the thoracic duct enters the subclavian vein, it is joined by the ___ ___ and ____ trunks, which carry lymph from the left side of the head and neck, as well as the left arm

A

left jugular, subclavian

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16
Q

the vena cavae have abundant ___ fibers

A

collagen

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17
Q

this type of capillary is found in Lamina propria of intestines, glomeruli of the renal corpuscles, choroid plexus of the brain, and choriocapillaris of the eye, as well as all endocrine organs

A

fenestrated

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18
Q

forming the bulk of the heart wall, it consists mostly of cardiac muscle

A

myocardium

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19
Q

Physiologically, arterioles are ____ _____. They have the ability to vasoconstriction or vasodilation

A

resistance vessels

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20
Q

Epicardium consists of ___ ____ to act as a shock absorber and support branches of coronary arteries

A

adipose tissue

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21
Q

____ is to pumping as ___ is to relaxation

A

systolic, diastolic

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22
Q

____ are preferred sites for exchange of blood cells and tissue exudate from the circulation to surrounding tissues especially during acute ____

A

Venules, inflammation

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23
Q

____ constitute more than 90% of the blood vessels in the body

A

capillaries

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24
Q

abnormally dilated, tortuous veins , which results from increased intraluminal pressure or decreased support in vein walls are known as

A

varicose veins

25
Q

fibroelastic, fluid-filled sac that holds the heart, which also consists of an outer parietal layer

A

pericardium

26
Q

capillaries have small pores called ____ that allow for filtration

A

fenestrations

27
Q

Smooth muscle action in the media of arterioles control ____ blood pressure

A

systemic

28
Q

___ ____ epithelium known as cardiac and vascular endothelium lines the whole system internally

A

simple squamous

29
Q

an abnormal localized dilation in the weakened wall of an artery is known as an ____

A

aneurysm

30
Q

the most common type of capillary, __, are found in all muscle tissues and areas with a ___-____ barrier.

A

tight, blood tissue

31
Q

Endocardium is usually thicker in the ___ then in the ____

A

atria, ventricles

32
Q

Heart also has a framework of ___ ___ connective tissue known as the cardiac skeleton

A

dense irregular

33
Q

sinusoidal capillaries have ___ and ____ lumen

A

wide, irregular

34
Q

These cells secrete a thin film of clear serous fluid used to lubricate the heart’s surface during contraction to reduce the friction.

A

mesothelial cells

35
Q

vascular smooth muscle can regulate the lumen caliber by vasoconstriction and ____

A

contraction

36
Q

Cardiac muscle cells form a 3D anastomosing network whereby ___ ____ link almost all cells and other cells insert into the cardiac skeleton of dense fibrous connective tissue

A

intercalated discs

37
Q

tight capillaries have reduced ___ to restrict passage of material from lumen to surrounding tissues

A

permeability

38
Q

Contrary to tight capillaries, ____ capillaries are highly permeable and occur in regions of ____ ____.

A

fenestrated, fluid transport

39
Q

___ ____ pair with blood capillaries to clean fluid from interstitial tissue

A

lymphatic vessels

40
Q

thin walls of venules are adapted to functions in ____ ____ and as common sites of transendothelial leukocyte migration, which is known as ___

A

fluid exchange, diapedesis

41
Q

the large veins that deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium are

A

superior and inferior vena cavae

42
Q

Blood vessels have a rich supply of nerves, most of which are ___ that keep vessels partly constricted and control lumen calibers

A

vasomotor

43
Q

wall of veins usually contain more ____ which adds to their tensile strength

A

collagen

44
Q

___ ___ endothelium lines the large lumen of the aorta

A

Simple squamous

45
Q

nerves associated with blood vessels use the neurotransmitter ____ which causes mainly smooth muscle relaxation and ______.

A

acetylcholine, vasodilation

46
Q

Terminal segments of arterioles, or metarterioles, consist of single layer smooth muscle and by _____ control the amount of blood entering the ______

A

vasoconstriction, capillaries

47
Q

_____ operate in high pressure system and ___ serve a thick reservoir function under low pressure, therefore arteries have _____ walls than veins

A

arteries, veins, thicker

48
Q

_____ capillaries continually take up excess fluid, plus wandering lymphocytes and other cells, eventually leading them back to the systemic circulation

A

Lymphatic

49
Q

three layers of walls of blood vessels

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

50
Q

Changes in pressure in the body associated with ____ assist in movement of lymph along the thoracic duct

A

breathing

51
Q

vascular smooth muscle cells function as ___ cells to produce large amount of elastin tissue

A

secretory

52
Q

the difference in the wall thickness between the veinule and arteriole is based on a ___ ____

A

pressure difference

53
Q

the thickest layer of the arteries is the __ layers

A

media

54
Q

the diameter of a capillary is barely large enough for one ___ to fit through

A

RBC

55
Q

___ ____ in the aortic tissue allow it to return back to its shape after contraction

A

elastic fibers

56
Q

____ ___ supply oxygenated blood to cardiac muscle in the myocardium

A

Coronary arteries

57
Q

coronary arteries include a quite thick ____ layer relative to the other two layers

A

adventitia

58
Q

valves are comprised of a small leaflet of __ ___ cells

A

simple squamous

59
Q

inner layer of the heart, contact with blood which fills the heart chambers. This layer consists of an endothelium and underlying connective tissue

A

endocardium

Histology (7 decks)

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