Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
arterioles can be distinguished from muscular arteries because of the size of their _____
diameter
___ ____, the largest lymphatic vessel in the body conveys a mixture of lymph and chyle (emulsified fats and free fatty acids) from the cisterna chyli in the abdomen and upward through the thorax to the left subclavian vein in the root of the neck
Thoracic duct
collects excess fluid from body tissues and returns it as lymph to the blood circulation
lymphatic system
smooth muscle cells in the arteries communicate with neighboring cells through the use of ___ ____.
gap junctions
the ___ wall is thicker than the wall of the ___ because it is constantly receiving more blood
ventricles, atria
the ___ ___ in vascular smooth muscle cells act as sites of electric coupling to allow cells to act ____.
gap junctions, synchronously
free edges of the AV valves are continuous with ___ ___, which attach to papillary muscles associated with ventricles
chordae tendinae
This layer of the heart has two layers, deeper loose fatty connective tissue is covered externally by mesothelium
epicardium
Contracted vascular smooth muscle cell has an ___, corrugated nucleus
Relaxed cell: _____ nucleus
irregular, elongated
vary greatly in size and can change their size markedly in response to functional demands
Muscular arteries
veins also include ____ to prevent backflow of blood as it returns to the heart against the force of gravity
valves
___ capillaries are found in bone marrow, spleen, liver, adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis, and the adrenal cortex
sinusoidal
Lymphatic capillaries also play a role in homeostasis by regulating interstitial fluid ___ and maintaining ____ ____
pressure, plasma volume
three types of capillaries include
tight, fenestrated, and sinusoidal
Just before the thoracic duct enters the subclavian vein, it is joined by the ___ ___ and ____ trunks, which carry lymph from the left side of the head and neck, as well as the left arm
left jugular, subclavian
the vena cavae have abundant ___ fibers
collagen
this type of capillary is found in Lamina propria of intestines, glomeruli of the renal corpuscles, choroid plexus of the brain, and choriocapillaris of the eye, as well as all endocrine organs
fenestrated
forming the bulk of the heart wall, it consists mostly of cardiac muscle
myocardium
Physiologically, arterioles are ____ _____. They have the ability to vasoconstriction or vasodilation
resistance vessels
Epicardium consists of ___ ____ to act as a shock absorber and support branches of coronary arteries
adipose tissue
____ is to pumping as ___ is to relaxation
systolic, diastolic
____ are preferred sites for exchange of blood cells and tissue exudate from the circulation to surrounding tissues especially during acute ____
Venules, inflammation
____ constitute more than 90% of the blood vessels in the body
capillaries
abnormally dilated, tortuous veins , which results from increased intraluminal pressure or decreased support in vein walls are known as
varicose veins
fibroelastic, fluid-filled sac that holds the heart, which also consists of an outer parietal layer
pericardium
capillaries have small pores called ____ that allow for filtration
fenestrations
Smooth muscle action in the media of arterioles control ____ blood pressure
systemic
___ ____ epithelium known as cardiac and vascular endothelium lines the whole system internally
simple squamous
an abnormal localized dilation in the weakened wall of an artery is known as an ____
aneurysm
the most common type of capillary, __, are found in all muscle tissues and areas with a ___-____ barrier.
tight, blood tissue
Endocardium is usually thicker in the ___ then in the ____
atria, ventricles
Heart also has a framework of ___ ___ connective tissue known as the cardiac skeleton
dense irregular
sinusoidal capillaries have ___ and ____ lumen
wide, irregular
These cells secrete a thin film of clear serous fluid used to lubricate the heart’s surface during contraction to reduce the friction.
mesothelial cells
vascular smooth muscle can regulate the lumen caliber by vasoconstriction and ____
contraction
Cardiac muscle cells form a 3D anastomosing network whereby ___ ____ link almost all cells and other cells insert into the cardiac skeleton of dense fibrous connective tissue
intercalated discs
tight capillaries have reduced ___ to restrict passage of material from lumen to surrounding tissues
permeability
Contrary to tight capillaries, ____ capillaries are highly permeable and occur in regions of ____ ____.
fenestrated, fluid transport
___ ____ pair with blood capillaries to clean fluid from interstitial tissue
lymphatic vessels
thin walls of venules are adapted to functions in ____ ____ and as common sites of transendothelial leukocyte migration, which is known as ___
fluid exchange, diapedesis
the large veins that deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium are
superior and inferior vena cavae
Blood vessels have a rich supply of nerves, most of which are ___ that keep vessels partly constricted and control lumen calibers
vasomotor
wall of veins usually contain more ____ which adds to their tensile strength
collagen
___ ___ endothelium lines the large lumen of the aorta
Simple squamous
nerves associated with blood vessels use the neurotransmitter ____ which causes mainly smooth muscle relaxation and ______.
acetylcholine, vasodilation
Terminal segments of arterioles, or metarterioles, consist of single layer smooth muscle and by _____ control the amount of blood entering the ______
vasoconstriction, capillaries
_____ operate in high pressure system and ___ serve a thick reservoir function under low pressure, therefore arteries have _____ walls than veins
arteries, veins, thicker
_____ capillaries continually take up excess fluid, plus wandering lymphocytes and other cells, eventually leading them back to the systemic circulation
Lymphatic
three layers of walls of blood vessels
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
Changes in pressure in the body associated with ____ assist in movement of lymph along the thoracic duct
breathing
vascular smooth muscle cells function as ___ cells to produce large amount of elastin tissue
secretory
the difference in the wall thickness between the veinule and arteriole is based on a ___ ____
pressure difference
the thickest layer of the arteries is the __ layers
media
the diameter of a capillary is barely large enough for one ___ to fit through
RBC
___ ____ in the aortic tissue allow it to return back to its shape after contraction
elastic fibers
____ ___ supply oxygenated blood to cardiac muscle in the myocardium
Coronary arteries
coronary arteries include a quite thick ____ layer relative to the other two layers
adventitia
valves are comprised of a small leaflet of __ ___ cells
simple squamous
inner layer of the heart, contact with blood which fills the heart chambers. This layer consists of an endothelium and underlying connective tissue
endocardium
