Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System

Question 1

arterioles can be distinguished from muscular arteries because of the size of their _____

Answer 1

diameter

Question 2

___ ____, the largest lymphatic vessel in the body conveys a mixture of lymph and chyle (emulsified fats and free fatty acids) from the cisterna chyli in the abdomen and upward through the thorax to the left subclavian vein in the root of the neck

Answer 2

Thoracic duct

Question 3

collects excess fluid from body tissues and returns it as lymph to the blood circulation

Answer 3

lymphatic system

Question 4

smooth muscle cells in the arteries communicate with neighboring cells through the use of ___ ____.

Answer 4

gap junctions

Question 5

the ___ wall is thicker than the wall of the ___ because it is constantly receiving more blood

Answer 5

ventricles, atria

Question 6

the ___ ___ in vascular smooth muscle cells act as sites of electric coupling to allow cells to act ____.

Answer 6

gap junctions, synchronously

Question 7

free edges of the AV valves are continuous with ___ ___, which attach to papillary muscles associated with ventricles

Answer 7

chordae tendinae

Question 8

This layer of the heart has two layers, deeper loose fatty connective tissue is covered externally by mesothelium

Answer 8

epicardium

Question 9

Contracted vascular smooth muscle cell has an ___, corrugated nucleus
Relaxed cell: _____ nucleus

Answer 9

irregular, elongated

Question 10

vary greatly in size and can change their size markedly in response to functional demands

Answer 10

Muscular arteries

Question 11

veins also include ____ to prevent backflow of blood as it returns to the heart against the force of gravity

Answer 11

valves

Question 12

___ capillaries are found in bone marrow, spleen, liver, adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis, and the adrenal cortex

Answer 12

sinusoidal

Question 13

Lymphatic capillaries also play a role in homeostasis by regulating interstitial fluid ___ and maintaining ____ ____

Answer 13

pressure, plasma volume

Question 14

three types of capillaries include

Answer 14

tight, fenestrated, and sinusoidal

Question 15

Just before the thoracic duct enters the subclavian vein, it is joined by the ___ ___ and ____ trunks, which carry lymph from the left side of the head and neck, as well as the left arm

Answer 15

left jugular, subclavian

Question 16

the vena cavae have abundant ___ fibers

Answer 16

collagen

Question 17

this type of capillary is found in Lamina propria of intestines, glomeruli of the renal corpuscles, choroid plexus of the brain, and choriocapillaris of the eye, as well as all endocrine organs

Answer 17

fenestrated

Question 18

forming the bulk of the heart wall, it consists mostly of cardiac muscle

Answer 18

myocardium

Question 19

Physiologically, arterioles are ____ _____. They have the ability to vasoconstriction or vasodilation

Answer 19

resistance vessels

Question 20

Epicardium consists of ___ ____ to act as a shock absorber and support branches of coronary arteries

Answer 20

adipose tissue

Question 21

____ is to pumping as ___ is to relaxation

Answer 21

systolic, diastolic

Question 22

____ are preferred sites for exchange of blood cells and tissue exudate from the circulation to surrounding tissues especially during acute ____

Answer 22

Venules, inflammation

Question 23

____ constitute more than 90% of the blood vessels in the body

Answer 23

capillaries

Question 24

abnormally dilated, tortuous veins , which results from increased intraluminal pressure or decreased support in vein walls are known as

Answer 24

varicose veins

Question 25

fibroelastic, fluid-filled sac that holds the heart, which also consists of an outer parietal layer

Answer 25

pericardium

Question 26

capillaries have small pores called ____ that allow for filtration

Answer 26

fenestrations

Question 27

Smooth muscle action in the media of arterioles control ____ blood pressure

Answer 27

systemic

Question 28

___ ____ epithelium known as cardiac and vascular endothelium lines the whole system internally

Answer 28

simple squamous

Question 29

an abnormal localized dilation in the weakened wall of an artery is known as an ____

Answer 29

aneurysm

Question 30

the most common type of capillary, __, are found in all muscle tissues and areas with a ___-____ barrier.

Answer 30

tight, blood tissue

Question 31

Endocardium is usually thicker in the ___ then in the ____

Answer 31

atria, ventricles

Question 32

Heart also has a framework of ___ ___ connective tissue known as the cardiac skeleton

Answer 32

dense irregular

Question 33

sinusoidal capillaries have ___ and ____ lumen

Answer 33

wide, irregular

Question 34

These cells secrete a thin film of clear serous fluid used to lubricate the heart's surface during contraction to reduce the friction.

Answer 34

mesothelial cells

Question 35

vascular smooth muscle can regulate the lumen caliber by vasoconstriction and ____

Answer 35

contraction

Question 36

Cardiac muscle cells form a 3D anastomosing network whereby ___ ____ link almost all cells and other cells insert into the cardiac skeleton of dense fibrous connective tissue

Answer 36

intercalated discs

Question 37

tight capillaries have reduced ___ to restrict passage of material from lumen to surrounding tissues

Answer 37

permeability

Question 38

Contrary to tight capillaries, ____ capillaries are highly permeable and occur in regions of ____ ____.

Answer 38

fenestrated, fluid transport

Question 39

___ ____ pair with blood capillaries to clean fluid from interstitial tissue

Answer 39

lymphatic vessels

Question 40

thin walls of venules are adapted to functions in ____ ____ and as common sites of transendothelial leukocyte migration, which is known as ___

Answer 40

fluid exchange, diapedesis

Question 41

the large veins that deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium are

Answer 41

superior and inferior vena cavae

Question 42

Blood vessels have a rich supply of nerves, most of which are ___ that keep vessels partly constricted and control lumen calibers

Answer 42

vasomotor

Question 43

wall of veins usually contain more ____ which adds to their tensile strength

Answer 43

collagen

Question 44

___ ___ endothelium lines the large lumen of the aorta

Answer 44

Simple squamous

Question 45

nerves associated with blood vessels use the neurotransmitter ____ which causes mainly smooth muscle relaxation and ______.

Answer 45

acetylcholine, vasodilation

Question 46

Terminal segments of arterioles, or metarterioles, consist of single layer smooth muscle and by _____ control the amount of blood entering the ______

Answer 46

vasoconstriction, capillaries

Question 47

_____ operate in high pressure system and ___ serve a thick reservoir function under low pressure, therefore arteries have _____ walls than veins

Answer 47

arteries, veins, thicker

Question 48

_____ capillaries continually take up excess fluid, plus wandering lymphocytes and other cells, eventually leading them back to the systemic circulation

Answer 48

Lymphatic

Question 49

three layers of walls of blood vessels

Answer 49

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

Question 50

Changes in pressure in the body associated with ____ assist in movement of lymph along the thoracic duct

Answer 50

breathing

Question 51

vascular smooth muscle cells function as ___ cells to produce large amount of elastin tissue

Answer 51

secretory

Question 52

the difference in the wall thickness between the veinule and arteriole is based on a ___ ____

Answer 52

pressure difference

Question 53

the thickest layer of the arteries is the __ layers

Answer 53

media

Question 54

the diameter of a capillary is barely large enough for one ___ to fit through

Answer 54

RBC

Question 55

___ ____ in the aortic tissue allow it to return back to its shape after contraction

Answer 55

elastic fibers

Question 56

____ ___ supply oxygenated blood to cardiac muscle in the myocardium

Answer 56

Coronary arteries

Question 57

coronary arteries include a quite thick ____ layer relative to the other two layers

Answer 57

adventitia

Question 58

valves are comprised of a small leaflet of __ ___ cells

Answer 58

simple squamous

Question 59

inner layer of the heart, contact with blood which fills the heart chambers. This layer consists of an endothelium and underlying connective tissue

Answer 59

endocardium