Chapter 11: Integumentary System

Question 1

skin appendages—nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands are all parts of the ____ system

Answer 1

integumentary

Question 2

At ____ ____, skin is continuous with mucous membranes lining digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

Answer 2

mucocutaneous junctions

Question 3

Skin consists of ___ ____ ___epithelium on its outer part, called the epidermis, and an inner layer of ____ connective tissue, called the dermis.

Answer 3

stratified squamous keratinized, fibrous

Question 4

A loose layer of subcutaneous connective tissue that attaches skin to underlying structures is known as the

Answer 4

hypodermis

Question 5

Thick skin, which is ____, is found on palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Answer 5

glabrous

Question 6

The junction between the avascular epidermis and richly vascularized dermis is known as the ___ ___, and has downward, ridge-like extensions of the epidermis known as ___ ___

Answer 6

dermoepidermal border, rete ridges

Question 7

dermis is divided into 2 layers:

Answer 7

superficial papillary layer, deeper reticular layer

Question 8

the superficial layer of the dermis contains type __ and __ ____ fibers, interspersed with ____ fibers and _____

Answer 8

1,3, collagen, elastic, capillaries

Question 9

the deeper reticular layer of the dermis includes mainly type __ collagen

Answer 9

1

Question 10

what are the three major types of skin cancer?

Answer 10

basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma

Question 11

the epidermis consists of cells undergoing ___, ____, maturation, and ____ as they are displaced toward the surface of the skin

Answer 11

mitosis, differentiation, keratinzation

Question 12

deepest layer of the epidermis, consists of a single layer of closely packed cuboidal to columnar cells known as ____ resting on a basement membrane

Answer 12

keratinocytes, stratum basale

Question 13

the ____ ___ is several cells thick in the epidermis and has polyhedral cells that become progressively flat toward the surface

Answer 13

stratum spinosum

Question 14

this layer of the epidermis consists of three to five layers of flattened cells with their axes aligned parallel to the epidermal surface.

Answer 14

stratum granulosum

Question 15

this layer of the epidermis is present in thick skin, but absent in thin skin and is superficial to the stratum granulosm

Answer 15

stratum lucidum

Question 16

the outermost layer of the epidermis, made of dead cells that lack a nucleus

Answer 16

stratum corneum

Question 17

The cells in the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis have contain the protein ___ instead of cytoplasm.

Answer 17

keratin

Question 18

The normal time for turnover of keratinocytes from stratum basale to uppermost stratum corneum varies from ___ to__ days.

Answer 18

20, 75

Question 19

The stratum ____ is made of interlocking cells arranged in orderly vertical ____. These cells have thickened cell membranes and lack desmosomes

Answer 19

corneum, stacks

Question 20

These complex intercellular junctions mediate and enhance cell adhesion by anchoring keratin filaments to keratinocyte plasma membranes in the strata basale and spinosum

Answer 20

desmosomes.

Question 21

are melanin pigment-producing cells that determine color of skin and hair

Answer 21

Melanocytes

Question 22

The major determinant of color is not melanocyte number but ___, which is affected by corticotropin from the pituitary

Answer 22

activity

Question 23

each melanocyte establishes contact with each other via ____ process, and are produced in membrane bound organelles known as ____

Answer 23

dendritic, melanosomes

Question 24

_____rearrange themselves within cells in response to external cues such as UV rays

Answer 24

melanocytes

Question 25

Darkly pigmented skin, hair, and eyes have melanosomes that contain more ___

Answer 25

melanin

Question 26

Two major forms of melanin are found in humans, _____, which is brown to black, and _____, which is yellow to red

Answer 26

eumelanin, phenomelanin

Question 27

Tanning of the skin caused by UV exposure represents an _____ eumelanin content of the epidermis

Answer 27

increased

Question 28

Melanocytes are irregularly shaped and have a single round or ellipsoid ___, which may be indented

Answer 28

nucleus

Question 29

these cells monitor and capture invading surface antigens, enter the dermis, and then migrate to the paracortex of regional lymph nodes, where they induce an immune response via antigen presentation to CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes

Answer 29

Langerhans

Question 30

Langerhans cells are most common in the strata ___ ____

Answer 30

spinosum and granulosum

Question 31

the adhesion molecule that Langerhan cells use to form a tight intercommunicating network with adjacent cells is know as _-____.

Answer 31

E-cadherin

Question 32

Blood vessels in the dermis _____ ____ and are involved in ______.

Answer 32

provide nutrients, thermoregulation

Question 33

___muscular arteries and veins supply the skin as a whole while ____ arteries, veins, and capillaries are the main vasculature of the dermis.

Answer 33

large, smaller

Question 34

An extensive network of capillaries immediately under the ____ supplies nutrients to the avascular epithelium.

Answer 34

epidermis

Question 35

_____ also surround the matrix of hair follicles and are closely associated with sweat and sebaceous glands

Answer 35

Capillaries

Question 36

At the arteriole end, these vascular shunts are coiled and surrounded by a row of modified smooth muscle cells serving as sphincters. These specialized structures, known as _____ _____, play a role in peripheral temperature regulation

Answer 36

glomus bodies

Question 37

glomus bodies are under ____ vasomotor control, and will direct from the superficial to the deep plexus to reduce ___ ____.

Answer 37

autonomic, heat loss

Question 38

Branching ____ _____ containing myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers make up extensive subpapillary dermal plexuses

Answer 38

nerve fascicles

Question 39

_____ nerve fibers supply nerve endings to the epidermis

Answer 39

Myelinated

Question 40

Nerve fibers entering the ____ lose myelin sheaths and end between epidermal cells either as free nerve endings or are closely associated to Merkel cells, where they serve as tactile receptors

Answer 40

epidermis

Question 41

Located in dermal papillae, ___ ____ are mechanoreceptors that mediate touch

Answer 41

Meissner corpuscles

Question 42

____ ____ are larger encapsulated receptors in deeper regions of dermis and subcutaneous tissue that act as deep pressure receptors

Answer 42

Pacinian corpuscles

Question 43

these glands serve a thermoregulatory role and maintain body temperature by evaporative heat loss

Answer 43

eccrine

Question 44

The tightly convoluted secretory part of a gland deep in the dermis consists of two types of cuboidal to pyramidal secretory cells:

Answer 44

clear and dark cells

Question 45

these eccrine gland cells primarily secrete water and electrolytes

Answer 45

clear cells

Question 46

these eccrine gland cells elaborate macromolecular substances in sweat

Answer 46

dark cells

Question 47

_____ cells are mainly contractile and help expel sweat into the lumen of an acinus in an eccrine cell

Answer 47

Myoepithelial

Question 48

these sweat glands are found in axillae, scrotum, prepuce, labia minora, nipples, and perianal regions and are known to be ____.

Answer 48

apocrine, odoriferous

Question 49

apocrine cells use ____ ____ epithelium to line their sac-like lumens

Answer 49

simple cuboidal

Question 50

the oily secretion that has an acid or musky odor in apocrine sweat glands is in response to ___ _______/

Answer 50

bacterial decomposition

Question 51

The ______ unit consists of the hair, hair follicle, an associated arrector pili muscle, and a sebaceous gland.

Answer 51

pilosebaceous

Question 52

Each hair comprises a free ____ and a ___, which is enclosed at its lower end by a tubular hair follicle, composed of epidermal (epithelial) and dermal (connective tissue) parts.

Answer 52

shaft, root

Question 53

this part of the hair is two or three layers of shrunken, keratinized cuboidal cells—which rarely extends the entire length of the hair.

Answer 53

medulla

Question 54

Peripheral to the medulla is the ___ cortex, which in colored hair contains flattened keratinized cells with pigment granules between cells.

Answer 54

cortex

Question 55

The hair follicle consists of three segments: the upper_____and middle ____, which are permanent, and the deepest, ____ ____, which germinates hair.

Answer 55

infundibulum, isthmus, inferior segment

Question 56

growth stage of hair is known as ___ while a period of regression is known as ____ and a resting period is known as _____.

Answer 56

anagen, catagen, telogen

Question 57

a distended follicle that results from a keratin plug blocking sebum outflow is known as ____ ____

Answer 57

acne vulgaris

Question 58

the external root sheath of hair corresponds to the strata ____ and _____

Answer 58

basale and spinosum

Question 59

the internal root sheath of hair corresponds to the strata _____ and _____

Answer 59

granulosum and corneum

Question 60

the ___ ___ is located in between the hair follicle and arrector pili muscle of hair

Answer 60

sebaceous gland

Question 61

contraction of the ___ ____ muscle helps compress the sebaceous gland and expel sebum into the follicle neck

Answer 61

arrector pili

Question 62

_____ is a complex oily mixture of lipids including glycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol

Answer 62

Sebum

Question 63

Nails are modifications of the ____ ____ of the epidermis on the dorsal aspect of terminal phalanges of fingers and toes

Answer 63

stratum corneum

Question 64

The undersurface of both exposed and concealed parts of the nail plate is the

Answer 64

nail bed

Question 65

The nail is rooted in a nail ___, which is an invagination of the skin surrounded by a crescent-shaped rim of skin, the nail ___.

Answer 65

groove, fold

Question 66

The ____ is the white crescent-shaped area of nail matrix

Answer 66

lunula

Question 67

eponychium, or ____, is the projecting crescentic fold of stratum corneum

Answer 67

cuticle

Question 68

______ is a chronic relapsing disorder of skin affecting 1%-3% of the population, most often at elbows, knees, scalp, and lumbosacral regions

Answer 68

Psoriasis