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Histology > Chapter 11: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

skin appendages—nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands are all parts of the ____ system

A

integumentary

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2
Q

At ____ ____, skin is continuous with mucous membranes lining digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

A

mucocutaneous junctions

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3
Q

Skin consists of ___ ____ ___epithelium on its outer part, called the epidermis, and an inner layer of ____ connective tissue, called the dermis.

A

stratified squamous keratinized, fibrous

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4
Q

A loose layer of subcutaneous connective tissue that attaches skin to underlying structures is known as the

A

hypodermis

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5
Q

Thick skin, which is ____, is found on palms of the hands and soles of the feet

A

glabrous

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6
Q

The junction between the avascular epidermis and richly vascularized dermis is known as the ___ ___, and has downward, ridge-like extensions of the epidermis known as ___ ___

A

dermoepidermal border, rete ridges

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7
Q

dermis is divided into 2 layers:

A

superficial papillary layer, deeper reticular layer

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8
Q

the superficial layer of the dermis contains type __ and __ ____ fibers, interspersed with ____ fibers and _____

A

1,3, collagen, elastic, capillaries

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9
Q

the deeper reticular layer of the dermis includes mainly type __ collagen

A

1

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10
Q

what are the three major types of skin cancer?

A

basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma

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11
Q

the epidermis consists of cells undergoing ___, ____, maturation, and ____ as they are displaced toward the surface of the skin

A

mitosis, differentiation, keratinzation

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12
Q

deepest layer of the epidermis, consists of a single layer of closely packed cuboidal to columnar cells known as ____ resting on a basement membrane

A

keratinocytes, stratum basale

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13
Q

the ____ ___ is several cells thick in the epidermis and has polyhedral cells that become progressively flat toward the surface

A

stratum spinosum

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14
Q

this layer of the epidermis consists of three to five layers of flattened cells with their axes aligned parallel to the epidermal surface.

A

stratum granulosum

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15
Q

this layer of the epidermis is present in thick skin, but absent in thin skin and is superficial to the stratum granulosm

A

stratum lucidum

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16
Q

the outermost layer of the epidermis, made of dead cells that lack a nucleus

A

stratum corneum

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17
Q

The cells in the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis have contain the protein ___ instead of cytoplasm.

A

keratin

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18
Q

The normal time for turnover of keratinocytes from stratum basale to uppermost stratum corneum varies from ___ to__ days.

A

20, 75

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19
Q

The stratum ____ is made of interlocking cells arranged in orderly vertical ____. These cells have thickened cell membranes and lack desmosomes

A

corneum, stacks

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20
Q

These complex intercellular junctions mediate and enhance cell adhesion by anchoring keratin filaments to keratinocyte plasma membranes in the strata basale and spinosum

A

desmosomes.

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21
Q

are melanin pigment-producing cells that determine color of skin and hair

A

Melanocytes

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22
Q

The major determinant of color is not melanocyte number but ___, which is affected by corticotropin from the pituitary

A

activity

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23
Q

each melanocyte establishes contact with each other via ____ process, and are produced in membrane bound organelles known as ____

A

dendritic, melanosomes

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24
Q

_____rearrange themselves within cells in response to external cues such as UV rays

A

melanocytes

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25
Q

Darkly pigmented skin, hair, and eyes have melanosomes that contain more ___

A

melanin

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26
Q

Two major forms of melanin are found in humans, _____, which is brown to black, and _____, which is yellow to red

A

eumelanin, phenomelanin

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27
Q

Tanning of the skin caused by UV exposure represents an _____ eumelanin content of the epidermis

A

increased

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28
Q

Melanocytes are irregularly shaped and have a single round or ellipsoid ___, which may be indented

A

nucleus

29
Q

these cells monitor and capture invading surface antigens, enter the dermis, and then migrate to the paracortex of regional lymph nodes, where they induce an immune response via antigen presentation to CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes

A

Langerhans

30
Q

Langerhans cells are most common in the strata ___ ____

A

spinosum and granulosum

31
Q

the adhesion molecule that Langerhan cells use to form a tight intercommunicating network with adjacent cells is know as _-____.

A

E-cadherin

32
Q

Blood vessels in the dermis _____ ____ and are involved in ______.

A

provide nutrients, thermoregulation

33
Q

___muscular arteries and veins supply the skin as a whole while ____ arteries, veins, and capillaries are the main vasculature of the dermis.

A

large, smaller

34
Q

An extensive network of capillaries immediately under the ____ supplies nutrients to the avascular epithelium.

A

epidermis

35
Q

_____ also surround the matrix of hair follicles and are closely associated with sweat and sebaceous glands

A

Capillaries

36
Q

At the arteriole end, these vascular shunts are coiled and surrounded by a row of modified smooth muscle cells serving as sphincters. These specialized structures, known as _____ _____, play a role in peripheral temperature regulation

A

glomus bodies

37
Q

glomus bodies are under ____ vasomotor control, and will direct from the superficial to the deep plexus to reduce ___ ____.

A

autonomic, heat loss

38
Q

Branching ____ _____ containing myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers make up extensive subpapillary dermal plexuses

A

nerve fascicles

39
Q

_____ nerve fibers supply nerve endings to the epidermis

A

Myelinated

40
Q

Nerve fibers entering the ____ lose myelin sheaths and end between epidermal cells either as free nerve endings or are closely associated to Merkel cells, where they serve as tactile receptors

A

epidermis

41
Q

Located in dermal papillae, ___ ____ are mechanoreceptors that mediate touch

A

Meissner corpuscles

42
Q

____ ____ are larger encapsulated receptors in deeper regions of dermis and subcutaneous tissue that act as deep pressure receptors

A

Pacinian corpuscles

43
Q

these glands serve a thermoregulatory role and maintain body temperature by evaporative heat loss

A

eccrine

44
Q

The tightly convoluted secretory part of a gland deep in the dermis consists of two types of cuboidal to pyramidal secretory cells:

A

clear and dark cells

45
Q

these eccrine gland cells primarily secrete water and electrolytes

A

clear cells

46
Q

these eccrine gland cells elaborate macromolecular substances in sweat

A

dark cells

47
Q

_____ cells are mainly contractile and help expel sweat into the lumen of an acinus in an eccrine cell

A

Myoepithelial

48
Q

these sweat glands are found in axillae, scrotum, prepuce, labia minora, nipples, and perianal regions and are known to be ____.

A

apocrine, odoriferous

49
Q

apocrine cells use ____ ____ epithelium to line their sac-like lumens

A

simple cuboidal

50
Q

the oily secretion that has an acid or musky odor in apocrine sweat glands is in response to ___ _______/

A

bacterial decomposition

51
Q

The ______ unit consists of the hair, hair follicle, an associated arrector pili muscle, and a sebaceous gland.

A

pilosebaceous

52
Q

Each hair comprises a free ____ and a ___, which is enclosed at its lower end by a tubular hair follicle, composed of epidermal (epithelial) and dermal (connective tissue) parts.

A

shaft, root

53
Q

this part of the hair is two or three layers of shrunken, keratinized cuboidal cells—which rarely extends the entire length of the hair.

A

medulla

54
Q

Peripheral to the medulla is the ___ cortex, which in colored hair contains flattened keratinized cells with pigment granules between cells.

A

cortex

55
Q

The hair follicle consists of three segments: the upper_____and middle ____, which are permanent, and the deepest, ____ ____, which germinates hair.

A

infundibulum, isthmus, inferior segment

56
Q

growth stage of hair is known as ___ while a period of regression is known as ____ and a resting period is known as _____.

A

anagen, catagen, telogen

57
Q

a distended follicle that results from a keratin plug blocking sebum outflow is known as ____ ____

A

acne vulgaris

58
Q

the external root sheath of hair corresponds to the strata ____ and _____

A

basale and spinosum

59
Q

the internal root sheath of hair corresponds to the strata _____ and _____

A

granulosum and corneum

60
Q

the ___ ___ is located in between the hair follicle and arrector pili muscle of hair

A

sebaceous gland

61
Q

contraction of the ___ ____ muscle helps compress the sebaceous gland and expel sebum into the follicle neck

A

arrector pili

62
Q

_____ is a complex oily mixture of lipids including glycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol

A

Sebum

63
Q

Nails are modifications of the ____ ____ of the epidermis on the dorsal aspect of terminal phalanges of fingers and toes

A

stratum corneum

64
Q

The undersurface of both exposed and concealed parts of the nail plate is the

A

nail bed

65
Q

The nail is rooted in a nail ___, which is an invagination of the skin surrounded by a crescent-shaped rim of skin, the nail ___.

A

groove, fold

66
Q

The ____ is the white crescent-shaped area of nail matrix

A

lunula

67
Q

eponychium, or ____, is the projecting crescentic fold of stratum corneum

A

cuticle

68
Q

______ is a chronic relapsing disorder of skin affecting 1%-3% of the population, most often at elbows, knees, scalp, and lumbosacral regions

A

Psoriasis

Histology (7 decks)

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