Chapter 12: Upper Digestive System

Question 1

which type of epithelium is found on the lips

Answer 1

stratified squamous

Question 2

these types of cells are found on the upper layer of the lips and are similar to the skin

Answer 2

keratinized

Question 3

The upper digestive tract facilitates ___ and initial phases of ____.

Answer 3

ingestion, digestion

Question 4

the three parts of the upper digestive system include

Answer 4

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus

Question 5

Mucosa forming the inner lining of the mouth and pharynx is mostly ____ ____ _____ epithelium and an underlying lamina propria.

Answer 5

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Question 6

this diagnosis is often made when suffering dysphagia and is a complication of GERD

Answer 6

esophageal stricture

Question 7

three surfaces of the lip includes:

Answer 7

outer cutaneous layer, vermilion border, and inner oral mucosa

Question 8

transitional zone between skin and oral mucosa is the ___ ____, or vermilion border

Answer 8

free edge

Question 9

the lamina propria of the lip contains collagen and ____ fibers, and also houses ____ and ____

Answer 9

elastic, capillaries, lymphatics

Question 10

Secretions of these mainly mucus-secreting exocrine glands drain onto the oral surface via small ducts, thereby providing moisture and lubrication

Answer 10

labial glands

Question 11

the bulk of the lip is made up of a skeletal muscle called the

Answer 11

orbicularis oris muscle

Question 12

this mucosa forms the inner lining of the lips, cheek, soft palate, floor of mouth and undersurface of the tongue

Answer 12

lining mucosa

Question 13

the lining mucosa of the oral cavity is mainly ____ ____ ___ epithelium

Answer 13

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Question 14

this type of mucosa found in the oral cavity is located in the gums and hard palate and consists of stratified squamous epithelium.

Answer 14

masticatory

Question 15

this mucosa of the oral cavity is found on the dorsal surface of the tongue, and includes many papillae and taste buds

Answer 15

specialized

Question 16

The lamina propria of the cheek, with short ___ and abundant ___ ____, attaches at intervals to underlying skeletal muscle fibers of the ____.

Answer 16

papillae, elastic fibers, buccinator

Question 17

the skeletal muscle fibers of the cheek are arranged into fascicles that mix with ?

Answer 17

minor salivary (buccal) glands.

Question 18

a mucous membrane that lacks glands, covers outer and inner surfaces of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible and surrounds each tooth.

Answer 18

gingiva

Question 19

the v-shaped groove that splits the anterior part of the tongue from the posterior section is known as

Answer 19

sulcus terminalis

Question 20

Smooth ____ ____ ____epithelium covers the tongue’s undersurface and dorsum, except over filiform papillae on the dorsum, where epithelium is _______

Answer 20

nonkeratinized stratified squamous, parakeratinized

Question 21

A roughened dorsal surface characterizes the ___ two thirds of the tongue

Answer 21

anterior

Question 22

what are the three types of lingual papillae seen

Answer 22

filiform, fungiform, circumvallate

Question 23

The posterior third of the tongue lacks ___ ____, but its dorsal surface is studded by 35–100 irregular mucosal bulges that correspond to lingual tonsils

Answer 23

lingual papillae

Question 24

the most numerous papillae of the tongue are the __ papillae, which help to manipulate food and increase friction with it during mastication.

Answer 24

filiform

Question 25

poorly keratinized papillae that are scattered singly or ni small groups (most being near the tip of the tongue) between the filiform papillae are known as

Answer 25

fungiform papillae

Question 26

one row of 8-12 papillae that lie just anterior to the sulcus terminalis are called _____, and are also the largest type of papillae

Answer 26

circumvallate

Question 27

circumvallate papillae are sunk beneath the surface, and surrounded by a trench like ___. Serous glands that drain using ducts use secretions to keep these clean of ____

Answer 27

furrow, debris

Question 28

small intraepithelial organs embedded on the lateral surfaces of the epithelium of fungiform and circumvallate papillae are known as

Answer 28

taste buds

Question 29

taste buds transduce ___ ____ into nerve pulses, which the brain perceives as ____ sensations

Answer 29

chemical stimuli, gustatory

Question 30

the hard palate is known as the ___ region while the soft palate is known as the ___ region

Answer 30

anterior, posterior

Question 31

The rigid ____ palate is made of horizontal bony processes covered by ____ ____ that serves as a working surface for the tongue as it presses against the palate during _____ and swallowing

Answer 31

hard, masticatory mucosa, mastication

Question 32

the hard palate is consistent of ___ ___ epithelium

Answer 32

stratified squamous

Question 33

the soft palate is consistent of ___ ____ ____ epithelium

Answer 33

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Question 34

a mobile fold with a conical posterior projection called the uvula is known as the

Answer 34

soft palate

Question 35

the _____ side of the soft palate has a respiratory epithelium-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

Answer 35

nasopharyngeal

Question 36

unlike the hard palate, the soft palate lacks ____, but its core contains a ____ ____ of palatine skeletal muscle

Answer 36

bone, support sheet

Question 37

Each jaw has 4 ____, mostly for cutting during mastication; 2 ____, for puncturing and grasping; and 10 _____s, for crushing and grinding.

Answer 37

incisors, canines, molars/premolar

Question 38

Each tooth consists of a ___ ___projecting above the gingiva, and one or more ____ embedded in a bony socket (or alveolus) of the jaws.

Answer 38

free crown , roots

Question 39

Each root is attached to bone by ___ ___ __ fibers, which form the ____membrane.

Answer 39

densely packed collagen, periodontal

Question 40

each tooth has a ___ pulp chamber that extends into the ___ ____

Answer 40

central, root canal

Question 41

The pulp chamber contains a core of loose connective tissue known as ___ ___ which contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

Answer 41

dental pulp

Question 42

which three mineralized tissues make up the tooth walls

Answer 42

dentin, enamel, cementum

Question 43

__ surrounds the pulp cavity and makes up the bulk of each tooth

Answer 43

dentin

Question 44

__ forms a cap over the outer dentin surface in the area of the crown

Answer 44

enamel

Question 45

the dentin is ___ in the root of the teeth

Answer 45

porous

Question 46

_____ is the hardest substance in the body, is brittle, and fractures easily.

Answer 46

Enamel

Question 47

the sublingual gland is almost completely ____

Answer 47

mucous

Question 48

produce saliva and empty secretory products via ducts in the oral cavity.

Answer 48

major salivary glands

Question 49

lubricates and protects oral tissues, is an aqueous solvent for taste, and as a masticatory wetting agent, aids swallowing.

Answer 49

saliva

Question 50

Saliva also starts digestion of carbohydrates by secreting

Answer 50

α-amylase (ptyalin)

Question 51

the largest salivary gland in the oral cavity is the ___ which is an exclusively serous exocrine gland producing 30% of saliva per day

Answer 51

parotid

Question 52

the second largest gland, egg-shaped, lies on the floor of the oral cavity and accounts for 60% of saliva production

Answer 52

submandibular

Question 53

most of the submandibular gland's secretory units are serous, however, it also has ___ ____

Answer 53

mucous acini

Question 54

This flat, almond-shaped organ sits beneath the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth and produces ~5% of saliva

Answer 54

sublingual

Question 55

small, isolated glands in the lips, cheeks, tongue, and palate.

Answer 55

minor salivary glands

Question 56

parotid glands drain into __ ___which are lined by columnar cells

Answer 56

striated ducts

Question 57

Striations of the striated ducts found in the salivary glands are basal infoldings of the ___ ____.

Answer 57

plasma membrane

Question 58

The of salivary glands modify the composition of saliva via resorption of Na+, which makes saliva hypotonic.

Answer 58

ducts

Question 59

the esophagus includes ___ ___ epithelium

Answer 59

stratified squamous

Question 60

under the submucosal layer of the esophagus lie:

Answer 60

two layers of smooth muscle

Question 61

The upper third of the esophagus has ___muscle fibers; the middle third, a _____ muscle; and the lower third, only ____ muscle.

Answer 61

skeletal , mixture of smooth and skeletal, smooth

Question 62

upper sphincter of the esophagus is an anatomically distinct structure of skeletal muscle fibers of the _____ muscle

Answer 62

cricopharyngeus

Question 63

at the esophagastric junction there is an epithelial change from ___ ___ to __ ___. which is known as the _-___

Answer 63

stratified squamous, simple columnar, Z-Line

Question 64

in this condition, columnar epithelium, similar to that of the stomach, replaces the usual stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 64

Barretts esophagus

Question 65

Epithelium lining the esophageal lumen is mainly protective, with ___ ____ providing a thin, highly viscous film of mucus to lubricate the luminal surface

Answer 65

mucous glands

Question 66

two different types of mucous glands that occur in the esophagus are

Answer 66

superficial and submucosal

Question 67

The digestive tract, from the esophagus to the anus, has its own intrinsic nerve supply—the ____ ____ ___—consisting of an extensive network of nerve fibers, clusters of nerve cell bodies (ganglion cells), and supportive (glial) cells.

Answer 67

enteric nervous system