Chapter 10: Endocrine System

Question 1

the endocrine system is known as ____ communication and is connected to the nervous system by means of the ___

Answer 1

slow, brain

Question 2

the major glands of the endocrine system include:

Answer 2

pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, islets of Langerhans and the pineal

Question 3

this gland, often called the master gland, affects growth differentiation, and functions of many other parts of the body either directly by its hormones or indirectly by sercretions

Answer 3

pituitary

Question 4

the pituitary is located at the base of the brain near the ____, where it is suspended by the ___ ___

Answer 4

hypothalamus, pituitary stalk

Question 5

the pituitary is well protected by the ____ bone or the ___ ___

Answer 5

sphenoid, sell turcica

Question 6

Growth hormone, prolactin, corticotropin, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing, and thyrotropin are all found in which lobe of the pituitary

Answer 6

anterior

Question 7

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are found in the ___ lobe of the pituitary

Answer 7

posterior

Question 8

acromegaly is due to overproduction of ___ __ in the anterior pituitary

Answer 8

growth hormone

Question 9

the upper part of the pituitary known as the __ ___ also attaches the gland to the hypothalamus

Answer 9

median eminence

Question 10

two paired arteries that brach off the ___ ___ have profuse anastomoses on the pituitary gland’s surface

Answer 10

internal carotids

Question 11

superior hypophyseal arteries carry blood to the ___ lobe, as inferior hypophyseal arteries carry blood to the ____ lobe

Answer 11

anterior, posterior

Question 12

neurohypophysis is also known as the ____

Answer 12

posterior lobe

Question 13

adenohypophysis is also known as the ____, and consists of three parts pars ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 13

anterior lobe, tuberalis, intermedia, distalis

Question 14

anterior lobe of the pituitary is ___ ___ which stains dark because of its many tightly packed parenchymal cells

Answer 14

glandular epithelium

Question 15

the posterior lobe of the pituitary is usually lighter in appearance because it contains ____ ____.

Answer 15

nervous tissue

Question 16

the intermediate lobe of the pituitary contains ____ ____ cells

Answer 16

low columnar

Question 17

the hormones secreted by the intermediate cell include:

Answer 17

Melanocyte stimulating and beta endorphin

Question 18

Acidophils in the anterior lobe of the pituitary include ____ and ____

Answer 18

somatotrophs and mammotrophs

Question 19

somatotroph: ____ as Mammotroph: ____

Answer 19

GH, Prolactin

Question 20

Basophils in the anterior lobe of the pituitary include ____ and ____

Answer 20

corticotroph, gonadotroph, and thryrotroph

Question 21

corticotroph: ____ as gonadotroph: ___/___ as Thyrotroph: ____

Answer 21

adrenocorticotrophic hormone, FSH/LH, TSH

Question 22

the paraventricular nuclei of the posterior lobe of pituitary secretes ____ hormone

Answer 22

oxytocin

Question 23

the supraoptic nuclei of the posterior lobe of pituitary secretes ___ hormone

Answer 23

antidiuretic

Question 24

most of the posterior lobe consists of ____ axons of neurosecretory neurons

Answer 24

unmyelinated

Question 25

ADH and Oxytocin in the posterior lobe can be transported by ___ ____ through the process of ____ and enter the bloodstream

Answer 25

secretory vesicles, exocytosis

Question 26

this endocrine gland lies in the lower part of the front of the neck and comes into contact with the upper trachea.

Answer 26

thyroid

Question 27

which lobe of the thyroid gland is almost two times larger ?

Answer 27

right

Question 28

adults typically have ___ ovoid parathyroid glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid

Answer 28

parathyroid

Question 29

the ___ and ___ ___ ____ provide a rich vascular supply to the parathyroid

Answer 29

inferior, superior branching arteries

Question 30

each parathyroid gland is surrounded in a thin ___ connective tissue ____ which separates it from the thyroid

Answer 30

fibrous, capsule

Question 31

______ of the capsule of the thyroid penetrate the gland and provide internal ____ and a pathway for ____/____ supply.

Answer 31

trabeculae, support, vascular, nerve

Question 32

glandular parenchyma found in the thyroid consist of __ ___ who help to increase oxygen consumption and metabolic rates of most body tissues

Answer 32

spheroid follicles

Question 33

the spheroid follicles of the thyroid are lined by __ ___ epithelium

Answer 33

simple cuboidal

Question 34

a nonspecific term for chronic enlargement of the thyroid is known as ____

Answer 34

goiter

Question 35

this hormone helps to maintain blood calcium levels by increasing the rate of osteoclastic activity, mobilizing calcium from bone

Answer 35

parathyroid hormone

Question 36

the most abundant type of cell found in the parathyroid ___ ___ are also the source of PTH

Answer 36

chief cells

Question 37

the other, less abundant type of cells in the parathyroid are ____ which appear after puberty but have no known major function

Answer 37

oxyphil

Question 38

PTH in the chief cells are found contained in ___ ___, and will be released into the bloodstream via ___ in response to _____

Answer 38

secretory vesicles, exocytosis, hypocalcemia

Question 39

lying on the superior pole of each kidney, these are two more glands that make up the endocrine system

Answer 39

adrenal

Question 40

adrenal glands are separated into ___ and ____ and enclosed in a ___

Answer 40

cortex, medulla, capsule

Question 41

cortex of the adrenal gland receives blood from arterioles in the capsule which enter the gland and break up into ____ ____, which then pass through all ____ layers of the cortex

Answer 41

sinusoidal capillaries, three

Question 42

the three layers of the cortex are known as:

Answer 42

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis

Question 43

the medulla has a ___ blood supply with some arterioles coming from the ___

Answer 43

dual, capsule

Question 44

adrenal glands are drained by a large __ ___ which exits at the ___ of the gland

Answer 44

central vein, hilum

Question 45

embryonically, the cortex develops from the ___ and the medulla develops from ____ ___ ____

Answer 45

mesoderm, neural crest ectoderm

Question 46

the ___ of the adrenal gland produces three classes of steroid hormones, and makes up ___% of the gland

Answer 46

cortex, 90

Question 47

the medulla of the adrenal gland contains ___ cells that are the source of __ and ____ stored in secretory granules

Answer 47

Chromaffin, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 48

this layer of the adrenal cortex is made up of closely packed, rounded clusters of parenchymal cells that produce mineralcorticoids, mainly ____

Answer 48

aldosterone, zona glomerulosa

Question 49

the largest zone of the adrenal cortex, ____ ____, consists mainly of polyhedral cells in close relation to fenestrated capillaries, and also produces ____

Answer 49

zona fasciculata, cortisol

Question 50

the zona fasciculata contains large amounts of lipids, and appear washed out so they are often called _____

Answer 50

spongiocytes

Question 51

the thinnest zone of the cortex of the adrenal, ___ ____, synthesizes _____

Answer 51

zona reticularis, androgens

Question 52

lipid soluble hormones produced by ____ in the spongiocytes of the cortex are released into the bloodstream by ____ ____

Answer 52

SER, fenestrated capillaries

Question 53

the endocrine cells of the pancreas are known as __ of _____

Answer 53

islets, Langerhans

Question 54

beta cells: _____ as alpha cells: _____

Answer 54

insulin, glucagon

Question 55

islets of Langerhans are scattered throughout the pancreas, however, appear twice as more in the ____

Answer 55

tail

Question 56

the hormone that inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion is known as

Answer 56

somatostatin

Question 57

the small cone shaped, richly vascularized neuroendocrine organ is known as the ___.

Answer 57

pineal

Question 58

the pineal gland consists of two types of cells: ____ & ____

Answer 58

glandular, glial