Chapter 10: Endocrine System Flashcards
the endocrine system is known as ____ communication and is connected to the nervous system by means of the ___
slow, brain
the major glands of the endocrine system include:
pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, islets of Langerhans and the pineal
this gland, often called the master gland, affects growth differentiation, and functions of many other parts of the body either directly by its hormones or indirectly by sercretions
pituitary
the pituitary is located at the base of the brain near the ____, where it is suspended by the ___ ___
hypothalamus, pituitary stalk
the pituitary is well protected by the ____ bone or the ___ ___
sphenoid, sell turcica
Growth hormone, prolactin, corticotropin, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing, and thyrotropin are all found in which lobe of the pituitary
anterior
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are found in the ___ lobe of the pituitary
posterior
acromegaly is due to overproduction of ___ __ in the anterior pituitary
growth hormone
the upper part of the pituitary known as the __ ___ also attaches the gland to the hypothalamus
median eminence
two paired arteries that brach off the ___ ___ have profuse anastomoses on the pituitary gland’s surface
internal carotids
superior hypophyseal arteries carry blood to the ___ lobe, as inferior hypophyseal arteries carry blood to the ____ lobe
anterior, posterior
neurohypophysis is also known as the ____
posterior lobe
adenohypophysis is also known as the ____, and consists of three parts pars ____, ____, and ____.
anterior lobe, tuberalis, intermedia, distalis
anterior lobe of the pituitary is ___ ___ which stains dark because of its many tightly packed parenchymal cells
glandular epithelium
the posterior lobe of the pituitary is usually lighter in appearance because it contains ____ ____.
nervous tissue
the intermediate lobe of the pituitary contains ____ ____ cells
low columnar
the hormones secreted by the intermediate cell include:
Melanocyte stimulating and beta endorphin
Acidophils in the anterior lobe of the pituitary include ____ and ____
somatotrophs and mammotrophs
somatotroph: ____ as Mammotroph: ____
GH, Prolactin
Basophils in the anterior lobe of the pituitary include ____ and ____
corticotroph, gonadotroph, and thryrotroph
corticotroph: ____ as gonadotroph: ___/___ as Thyrotroph: ____
adrenocorticotrophic hormone, FSH/LH, TSH
the paraventricular nuclei of the posterior lobe of pituitary secretes ____ hormone
oxytocin
the supraoptic nuclei of the posterior lobe of pituitary secretes ___ hormone
antidiuretic
most of the posterior lobe consists of ____ axons of neurosecretory neurons
unmyelinated
ADH and Oxytocin in the posterior lobe can be transported by ___ ____ through the process of ____ and enter the bloodstream
secretory vesicles, exocytosis
this endocrine gland lies in the lower part of the front of the neck and comes into contact with the upper trachea.
thyroid
which lobe of the thyroid gland is almost two times larger ?
right
adults typically have ___ ovoid parathyroid glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid
parathyroid
the ___ and ___ ___ ____ provide a rich vascular supply to the parathyroid
inferior, superior branching arteries
each parathyroid gland is surrounded in a thin ___ connective tissue ____ which separates it from the thyroid
fibrous, capsule
______ of the capsule of the thyroid penetrate the gland and provide internal ____ and a pathway for ____/____ supply.
trabeculae, support, vascular, nerve
glandular parenchyma found in the thyroid consist of __ ___ who help to increase oxygen consumption and metabolic rates of most body tissues
spheroid follicles
the spheroid follicles of the thyroid are lined by __ ___ epithelium
simple cuboidal
a nonspecific term for chronic enlargement of the thyroid is known as ____
goiter
this hormone helps to maintain blood calcium levels by increasing the rate of osteoclastic activity, mobilizing calcium from bone
parathyroid hormone
the most abundant type of cell found in the parathyroid ___ ___ are also the source of PTH
chief cells
the other, less abundant type of cells in the parathyroid are ____ which appear after puberty but have no known major function
oxyphil
PTH in the chief cells are found contained in ___ ___, and will be released into the bloodstream via ___ in response to _____
secretory vesicles, exocytosis, hypocalcemia
lying on the superior pole of each kidney, these are two more glands that make up the endocrine system
adrenal
adrenal glands are separated into ___ and ____ and enclosed in a ___
cortex, medulla, capsule
cortex of the adrenal gland receives blood from arterioles in the capsule which enter the gland and break up into ____ ____, which then pass through all ____ layers of the cortex
sinusoidal capillaries, three
the three layers of the cortex are known as:
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
the medulla has a ___ blood supply with some arterioles coming from the ___
dual, capsule
adrenal glands are drained by a large __ ___ which exits at the ___ of the gland
central vein, hilum
embryonically, the cortex develops from the ___ and the medulla develops from ____ ___ ____
mesoderm, neural crest ectoderm
the ___ of the adrenal gland produces three classes of steroid hormones, and makes up ___% of the gland
cortex, 90
the medulla of the adrenal gland contains ___ cells that are the source of __ and ____ stored in secretory granules
Chromaffin, epinephrine, norepinephrine
this layer of the adrenal cortex is made up of closely packed, rounded clusters of parenchymal cells that produce mineralcorticoids, mainly ____
aldosterone, zona glomerulosa
the largest zone of the adrenal cortex, ____ ____, consists mainly of polyhedral cells in close relation to fenestrated capillaries, and also produces ____
zona fasciculata, cortisol
the zona fasciculata contains large amounts of lipids, and appear washed out so they are often called _____
spongiocytes
the thinnest zone of the cortex of the adrenal, ___ ____, synthesizes _____
zona reticularis, androgens
lipid soluble hormones produced by ____ in the spongiocytes of the cortex are released into the bloodstream by ____ ____
SER, fenestrated capillaries
the endocrine cells of the pancreas are known as __ of _____
islets, Langerhans
beta cells: _____ as alpha cells: _____
insulin, glucagon
islets of Langerhans are scattered throughout the pancreas, however, appear twice as more in the ____
tail
the hormone that inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion is known as
somatostatin
the small cone shaped, richly vascularized neuroendocrine organ is known as the ___.
pineal
the pineal gland consists of two types of cells: ____ & ____
glandular, glial
