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Histology > Chapter 10: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine system is known as ____ communication and is connected to the nervous system by means of the ___

A

slow, brain

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2
Q

the major glands of the endocrine system include:

A

pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, islets of Langerhans and the pineal

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3
Q

this gland, often called the master gland, affects growth differentiation, and functions of many other parts of the body either directly by its hormones or indirectly by sercretions

A

pituitary

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4
Q

the pituitary is located at the base of the brain near the ____, where it is suspended by the ___ ___

A

hypothalamus, pituitary stalk

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5
Q

the pituitary is well protected by the ____ bone or the ___ ___

A

sphenoid, sell turcica

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6
Q

Growth hormone, prolactin, corticotropin, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing, and thyrotropin are all found in which lobe of the pituitary

A

anterior

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7
Q

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are found in the ___ lobe of the pituitary

A

posterior

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8
Q

acromegaly is due to overproduction of ___ __ in the anterior pituitary

A

growth hormone

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9
Q

the upper part of the pituitary known as the __ ___ also attaches the gland to the hypothalamus

A

median eminence

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10
Q

two paired arteries that brach off the ___ ___ have profuse anastomoses on the pituitary gland’s surface

A

internal carotids

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11
Q

superior hypophyseal arteries carry blood to the ___ lobe, as inferior hypophyseal arteries carry blood to the ____ lobe

A

anterior, posterior

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12
Q

neurohypophysis is also known as the ____

A

posterior lobe

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13
Q

adenohypophysis is also known as the ____, and consists of three parts pars ____, ____, and ____.

A

anterior lobe, tuberalis, intermedia, distalis

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14
Q

anterior lobe of the pituitary is ___ ___ which stains dark because of its many tightly packed parenchymal cells

A

glandular epithelium

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15
Q

the posterior lobe of the pituitary is usually lighter in appearance because it contains ____ ____.

A

nervous tissue

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16
Q

the intermediate lobe of the pituitary contains ____ ____ cells

A

low columnar

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17
Q

the hormones secreted by the intermediate cell include:

A

Melanocyte stimulating and beta endorphin

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18
Q

Acidophils in the anterior lobe of the pituitary include ____ and ____

A

somatotrophs and mammotrophs

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19
Q

somatotroph: ____ as Mammotroph: ____

A

GH, Prolactin

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20
Q

Basophils in the anterior lobe of the pituitary include ____ and ____

A

corticotroph, gonadotroph, and thryrotroph

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21
Q

corticotroph: ____ as gonadotroph: ___/___ as Thyrotroph: ____

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone, FSH/LH, TSH

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22
Q

the paraventricular nuclei of the posterior lobe of pituitary secretes ____ hormone

A

oxytocin

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23
Q

the supraoptic nuclei of the posterior lobe of pituitary secretes ___ hormone

A

antidiuretic

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24
Q

most of the posterior lobe consists of ____ axons of neurosecretory neurons

A

unmyelinated

25
Q

ADH and Oxytocin in the posterior lobe can be transported by ___ ____ through the process of ____ and enter the bloodstream

A

secretory vesicles, exocytosis

26
Q

this endocrine gland lies in the lower part of the front of the neck and comes into contact with the upper trachea.

A

thyroid

27
Q

which lobe of the thyroid gland is almost two times larger ?

A

right

28
Q

adults typically have ___ ovoid parathyroid glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid

A

parathyroid

29
Q

the ___ and ___ ___ ____ provide a rich vascular supply to the parathyroid

A

inferior, superior branching arteries

30
Q

each parathyroid gland is surrounded in a thin ___ connective tissue ____ which separates it from the thyroid

A

fibrous, capsule

31
Q

______ of the capsule of the thyroid penetrate the gland and provide internal ____ and a pathway for ____/____ supply.

A

trabeculae, support, vascular, nerve

32
Q

glandular parenchyma found in the thyroid consist of __ ___ who help to increase oxygen consumption and metabolic rates of most body tissues

A

spheroid follicles

33
Q

the spheroid follicles of the thyroid are lined by __ ___ epithelium

A

simple cuboidal

34
Q

a nonspecific term for chronic enlargement of the thyroid is known as ____

A

goiter

35
Q

this hormone helps to maintain blood calcium levels by increasing the rate of osteoclastic activity, mobilizing calcium from bone

A

parathyroid hormone

36
Q

the most abundant type of cell found in the parathyroid ___ ___ are also the source of PTH

A

chief cells

37
Q

the other, less abundant type of cells in the parathyroid are ____ which appear after puberty but have no known major function

A

oxyphil

38
Q

PTH in the chief cells are found contained in ___ ___, and will be released into the bloodstream via ___ in response to _____

A

secretory vesicles, exocytosis, hypocalcemia

39
Q

lying on the superior pole of each kidney, these are two more glands that make up the endocrine system

A

adrenal

40
Q

adrenal glands are separated into ___ and ____ and enclosed in a ___

A

cortex, medulla, capsule

41
Q

cortex of the adrenal gland receives blood from arterioles in the capsule which enter the gland and break up into ____ ____, which then pass through all ____ layers of the cortex

A

sinusoidal capillaries, three

42
Q

the three layers of the cortex are known as:

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis

43
Q

the medulla has a ___ blood supply with some arterioles coming from the ___

A

dual, capsule

44
Q

adrenal glands are drained by a large __ ___ which exits at the ___ of the gland

A

central vein, hilum

45
Q

embryonically, the cortex develops from the ___ and the medulla develops from ____ ___ ____

A

mesoderm, neural crest ectoderm

46
Q

the ___ of the adrenal gland produces three classes of steroid hormones, and makes up ___% of the gland

A

cortex, 90

47
Q

the medulla of the adrenal gland contains ___ cells that are the source of __ and ____ stored in secretory granules

A

Chromaffin, epinephrine, norepinephrine

48
Q

this layer of the adrenal cortex is made up of closely packed, rounded clusters of parenchymal cells that produce mineralcorticoids, mainly ____

A

aldosterone, zona glomerulosa

49
Q

the largest zone of the adrenal cortex, ____ ____, consists mainly of polyhedral cells in close relation to fenestrated capillaries, and also produces ____

A

zona fasciculata, cortisol

50
Q

the zona fasciculata contains large amounts of lipids, and appear washed out so they are often called _____

A

spongiocytes

51
Q

the thinnest zone of the cortex of the adrenal, ___ ____, synthesizes _____

A

zona reticularis, androgens

52
Q

lipid soluble hormones produced by ____ in the spongiocytes of the cortex are released into the bloodstream by ____ ____

A

SER, fenestrated capillaries

53
Q

the endocrine cells of the pancreas are known as __ of _____

A

islets, Langerhans

54
Q

beta cells: _____ as alpha cells: _____

A

insulin, glucagon

55
Q

islets of Langerhans are scattered throughout the pancreas, however, appear twice as more in the ____

A

tail

56
Q

the hormone that inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion is known as

A

somatostatin

57
Q

the small cone shaped, richly vascularized neuroendocrine organ is known as the ___.

A

pineal

58
Q

the pineal gland consists of two types of cells: ____ & ____

A

glandular, glial

Histology (7 decks)

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