Chapter 13: Lower Digestive System

Question 1

the transition of epithelia from the esophagus to the stomach is ___ ____ to ____ ___

Answer 1

stratified squamous to simple columnar

Question 2

the stomach involves a thick ____ ____ layer to protect from its acidic conditions

Answer 2

inner mucosa

Question 3

four anatomic regions of the stomach:

Answer 3

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

Question 4

four layers of the stomach:

Answer 4

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Question 5

inner lining of the stomach involves folds known as ____, which flatten as stomach expands

Answer 5

rugae

Question 6

___ ___ and ____ provide surface area for secretion of mucus, acid, and digestive enzymes in the stomach

Answer 6

gastric pits, glands

Question 7

these glands, in a small area around the esophageal (cardiac) orifice, are shortest, least numerous, and occupy less than 10% of the mucosa

Answer 7

cardiac glands

Question 8

In the body and fundus of the stomach, main ___ ____, the largest and most numerous, make up about 75% of the mucosa.

Answer 8

gastric glands

Question 9

pyloric area close to the duodenum contains small ____ _____ that constitute about 15% of the mucosa and resemble cardiac glands.

Answer 9

pyloric glands

Question 10

The loose, richly cellular ____ ____ under the surface epithelium and between the glands of the stomach contains various connective tissue cells and an extensive capillary network

Answer 10

lamina propria

Question 11

three main parts of a gastric gland include:

Answer 11

isthmus opening into the gatsric pit

midregion/neck containing mucous neck cells and parietal cells, and the bottom part called the body

Question 12

mucous secreted in the gastric is composed of _____and _____ __,which counteracts the HCl found in the stomach

Answer 12

carbohydrates, bicarbonate ions

Question 13

Apical parts of the cells in the stomach are filled with ___ _____, which account for pale-staining, washed-out cytoplasm.

Answer 13

mucin granules

Question 14

three main types of cells found in the stomach:

Answer 14

Parietal, chief, enteroendocrine

Question 15

____ cells secrete high concentrations of HCl, pH 0.8–2, into gastric gland lumina

Answer 15

Parietal

Question 16

Parietal cells also synthesize ____ ____ a glycoprotein that facilitates vitamin B12 absorption in the proximal small intestine

Answer 16

intrinsic factor,

Question 17

vitamin ___ is essential for production of erythrocytes in bone marrow and normal neurologic function.

Answer 17

B12

Question 18

Chief cells produce ___ and ____ (which is then converted to pepsin)

Answer 18

lipase, pepsinogen

Question 19

hormone-producing cells of the gastrointestinal tract—are small pyramidal cells that are diffusely scattered in the epithelium, from the esophagus to the colon ???

Answer 19

enteroendocrine

Question 20

the serous membrane of the stomach consists of two layers, the ___ ___ lines abdominal and pelvic walls and the undersurface of the diaphragm. The ___ ____ covers the intraperitoneal parts of the digestive system and the suspensory folds, such as mesenteries and omentum

Answer 20

parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum

Question 21

In contrast, parts of the duodenum and colon are retroperitoneal and are covered only anteriorly by

Answer 21

parietal peritoneum

Question 22

Which cells produce a thin film of serous fluid, thus providing a slippery surface over which abdominal viscera can glide freely.

Answer 22

mesothelial cells

Question 23

The muscularis externa of the stomach is made of three layers of smooth muscle: outer ___, middle ___ and inner ____

Answer 23

longitudinal, circular, oblique

Question 24

Between muscularis externa layers is the myenteric _____ __ ____—a network of autonomic ganglia and nerves.

Answer 24

plexus of Auerbach

Question 25

the ___ gland in the lower GI tract helps to regulate acidity of the gland

Answer 25

Brunner

Question 26

grooves designed for absorption in the Jejunum of the small intestine are known as

Answer 26

plica

Question 27

the point where the colon and secal region meet is known as the ____ ____

Answer 27

ileocecal valve

Question 28

parts of the large intestine include

Answer 28

cecum w appendix, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

Question 29

mucus glands found in the large intestine provide ____ to help facilitate movement

Answer 29

lubrication

Question 30

one function of the appendix is to ___ and _____ probiotic bacteria

Answer 30

contain, retain

Question 31

the change in epithelium from the colon to the anus is from _____ to ______

Answer 31

columnar to stratified squamous

Question 32

both types of muscles are found in the anus, what are they?

Answer 32

smooth and skeletal

Question 33

where the stomach meets the duodenum is known as the

Answer 33

pyloric sphincter

Question 34

T/F: The duodenum is the last portion of the small intestine before the colon is reached

Answer 34

false

Question 35

T/F: One function of HCl in the stomach is to activate the enzyme precursor pepsinogen

Answer 35

true

Question 36

T/F: The epithelium in the small intestine is transitiona

Answer 36

false

Question 37

T/F: The epithelium changes from simple columnar to stratified squamous epithelium when moving from the rectum to the anus.

Answer 37

true

Question 38

T/F: The microvilli, or brush border, of the small intestine increases surface area for absorption

Answer 38

true

Question 39

T/F: Diarrhea is not serious and does not affect the fluid or electrolyte balance of the body

Answer 39

false