Chapter 13: Lower Digestive System Flashcards
the transition of epithelia from the esophagus to the stomach is ___ ____ to ____ ___
stratified squamous to simple columnar
the stomach involves a thick ____ ____ layer to protect from its acidic conditions
inner mucosa
four anatomic regions of the stomach:
cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
four layers of the stomach:
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
inner lining of the stomach involves folds known as ____, which flatten as stomach expands
rugae
___ ___ and ____ provide surface area for secretion of mucus, acid, and digestive enzymes in the stomach
gastric pits, glands
these glands, in a small area around the esophageal (cardiac) orifice, are shortest, least numerous, and occupy less than 10% of the mucosa
cardiac glands
In the body and fundus of the stomach, main ___ ____, the largest and most numerous, make up about 75% of the mucosa.
gastric glands
pyloric area close to the duodenum contains small ____ _____ that constitute about 15% of the mucosa and resemble cardiac glands.
pyloric glands
The loose, richly cellular ____ ____ under the surface epithelium and between the glands of the stomach contains various connective tissue cells and an extensive capillary network
lamina propria
three main parts of a gastric gland include:
isthmus opening into the gatsric pit
midregion/neck containing mucous neck cells and parietal cells, and the bottom part called the body
mucous secreted in the gastric is composed of _____and _____ __,which counteracts the HCl found in the stomach
carbohydrates, bicarbonate ions
Apical parts of the cells in the stomach are filled with ___ _____, which account for pale-staining, washed-out cytoplasm.
mucin granules
three main types of cells found in the stomach:
Parietal, chief, enteroendocrine
____ cells secrete high concentrations of HCl, pH 0.8–2, into gastric gland lumina
Parietal
Parietal cells also synthesize ____ ____ a glycoprotein that facilitates vitamin B12 absorption in the proximal small intestine
intrinsic factor,
vitamin ___ is essential for production of erythrocytes in bone marrow and normal neurologic function.
B12
Chief cells produce ___ and ____ (which is then converted to pepsin)
lipase, pepsinogen
hormone-producing cells of the gastrointestinal tract—are small pyramidal cells that are diffusely scattered in the epithelium, from the esophagus to the colon ???
enteroendocrine
the serous membrane of the stomach consists of two layers, the ___ ___ lines abdominal and pelvic walls and the undersurface of the diaphragm. The ___ ____ covers the intraperitoneal parts of the digestive system and the suspensory folds, such as mesenteries and omentum
parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum
In contrast, parts of the duodenum and colon are retroperitoneal and are covered only anteriorly by
parietal peritoneum
Which cells produce a thin film of serous fluid, thus providing a slippery surface over which abdominal viscera can glide freely.
mesothelial cells
The muscularis externa of the stomach is made of three layers of smooth muscle: outer ___, middle ___ and inner ____
longitudinal, circular, oblique
Between muscularis externa layers is the myenteric _____ __ ____—a network of autonomic ganglia and nerves.
plexus of Auerbach
the ___ gland in the lower GI tract helps to regulate acidity of the gland
Brunner
grooves designed for absorption in the Jejunum of the small intestine are known as
plica
the point where the colon and secal region meet is known as the ____ ____
ileocecal valve
parts of the large intestine include
cecum w appendix, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
mucus glands found in the large intestine provide ____ to help facilitate movement
lubrication
one function of the appendix is to ___ and _____ probiotic bacteria
contain, retain
the change in epithelium from the colon to the anus is from _____ to ______
columnar to stratified squamous
both types of muscles are found in the anus, what are they?
smooth and skeletal
where the stomach meets the duodenum is known as the
pyloric sphincter
T/F: The duodenum is the last portion of the small intestine before the colon is reached
false
T/F: One function of HCl in the stomach is to activate the enzyme precursor pepsinogen
true
T/F: The epithelium in the small intestine is transitiona
false
T/F: The epithelium changes from simple columnar to stratified squamous epithelium when moving from the rectum to the anus.
true
T/F: The microvilli, or brush border, of the small intestine increases surface area for absorption
true
T/F: Diarrhea is not serious and does not affect the fluid or electrolyte balance of the body
false
