Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
It may be necessary to lower rescuers into a rescue environment and to hoist a victim out using life safety rope, webbing, and hardware.
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2
Q
In technical rescue applications, software refers to the connective materials that are used in conjunction with other equipment.
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3
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Rope and webbing are among the most frequently used such equipment at technical search and rescue events.
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4
Q
Software - In rope rescue, refers to nylon webbing, rope, and harnesses.
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5
Q
The three general classifications or rope that may be present at an incident scene are lifeline, accessory cord, and utility rope.
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6
Q
Whenever responders or victims are suspended from a rope or are using a rope for fall protection, life safety rope must be used.
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Q
Lifeline may be purchased in 100 to 600 foot lengths, depending upon local needs, much of the hardware today is designed to work with 1/2 inch rope.
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Q
Only rope of block creel construction using continuous-filament virgin fiber for load-bearing elements is suitable for life safety applications.
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9
Q
The core provides about 75 percent of the rope’s strength and carries the majority of the working load.
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10
Q
The sheath made up of tightly woven nylon or other synthetic fiber, provides the remainder of the rope’s strength protects the core from abrasion, dirt and effects of sunlight, which can weaken nylon with prolonged exposure.
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11
Q
NFPA 1983 requires that lifeline used for two person, or rescue load, must be capable of supporting a load in excess of 40 kilo newtons or roughly 9,000 pounds.
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12
Q
This number is a function of the maximum safe working load, which is characterized as 600 pounds for general use lifeline, and the required 15:1 safety factor.
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13
Q
Lifeline must be removed form service if it does not pass inspection or if there is any reason to doubt its safety of serviceability.
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14
Q
Block creel construction - construction method that produces a continuous strand of fiber that runs the entire length of the rope’s core.
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15
Q
Kernmantle rope - rope that consists of a protective shield over the load bearing core strands.
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16
Q
Working load - the manufacturers recommended maximum load for a rope or other system component. The working load for components of a rope system supporting victims or responders is determined by dividing the minimum breaking strength by a safety factor of 15. For a lifeline with a breaking strength of around 9,000 pounds, the working load is 600 pounds.
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17
Q
Impact load - A dynamic and sudden load placed on a rope.
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18
Q
According to NFPA 1983, all lifeline must elongate between a minimum of 1 percent to a maximum of 10 percent when loaded at 10 percent of its rated breaking strengths.
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19
Q
Elongation helps to reduce the shock of impact on both rescuers and their anchor systems in falls.
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20
Q
Kernmantle rope consists of an outer sheath surrounding an inner core of individual strands.
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21
Q
Dyeing rope ends helps rescuers immediately identify rope lengths.
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22
Q
Accessory cord is rope that is smaller in diameter than lifeline.
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23
Q
Typical uses for accessory chord include lashing for litters and raising equipment.
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24
Q
Utility rope is used for many functions including hoisting equipment and securing objects in place, not for supporting rescuers or victims.
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Utility rope may be downgraded lifeline.
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Any lifeline that fails to pass inspection or has been impact loaded can be altered such a manner that it cannot be mistakenly used as lifeline.
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When a piece of life safety rope is purchased, a rope log must be started and kept with the rope throughout its working life.
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Life safety rope should be checked both visually and tactilely before and after each use.
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Rope log - A record of a rope's working life maintained in accordance with department policy.
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The rescuer performing the tactile check puts a slight tension on the rope with one hand while feeling for any lumps, depressions, or soft spots with the other hand.
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Utility rope may be used for many functions except where a person's life directly is affected.
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The core of a kernmantle rope can be damaged without evidence of such damage being visible on the outer sheath.
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The three ways to clean synthetic rope are manual washing, a rope washing device, or a clothes washing machine.
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Performing tactile checks of rope allows personnel to identify inconsistencies.
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Cool water and mild liquid soap are not likely to damage rope, bleach or strong cleaners are not typically recommended for use with life safety rope.
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Front loading clothes washing machines without plastic window are the best type to use for washing synthetic rope.
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The rope may be secured in a mesh bag or wrapped into a bird's nest coil before washing.
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Webbing is used extensively in the rescue field to construct anchor systems, to package and secure victims, and to lash rescue components together.
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Webbing is produced in various widths from 1 to 2 inches and is marketed in rolls of up to 1,000 feet in length.
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The 1 inch width is most commonly used for lashing and has a 4,000 pound breaking strength.
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Tubular webbing may be constructed in two ways: edge stitched and spiral weave.
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Spiral weave webbing is the type most preferred in rescue work.
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A ropes strength is reduced whenever it is bent.
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The tighter the bend, the more strength that is lost.
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The overhand safety is often used in conjunction with other knots to reduce the possibility by using the end of the rope to tie a simple overhand knot around another part of the rope.
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Bight - simple, open, u-shaped fold in a rope.
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Running part- free end of the rope used for hoisting, pulling, or belaying.
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Standing part - Middle of the rope, between the working end and the running end.
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Working end - end of the rope used to tie a knot, also known as bitter end or loose end.
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A figure eight knot is also known as a figure eight stopper when used in technical rescue.
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Double fisherman's knot - makes an extremely secure connection between two pieces of rope, or it can be used to join the ends of the same rope to form a loop.
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The double overhand is the knot most often used to create prusik loops in accessory cord.
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Water knot - the preferred knot for joining two pieces of webbing or the ends of the same piece of webbing if a loop is needed.
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Figure eight knot - knot used to form a loop in the end of a rope, should be used in place of a bowline knot when working with synthetic fiber rope.
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The figure eight stopper is a safety knot used at the end of a rope to prevent the rope from slipping through the system.
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Safety knot - Extra hitch or overhand knot tied in the loose end of a knot to prevent the working end from being pulled through the knot.
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Clove hitch - attaches a rope or piece of webbing to an object.
- knot that consists of two half hitches, its principal use is to attach a rope to an object such as a pole, post, or hose.
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Girth hitch - attaches rope or webbing to an anchor point or other object.
- method of attaching a piece of software to an anchor, if attached improperly, it can create a weak link in an anchor system.
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Prusik loops use prusik cord, and are tied with a double fisherman's knot.
- Prusik cord- length of low stretch kernmantle rope, six to eight millimeters in diameter. Used with prusik knots in technical rescue applications.
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Pulling prusik - Seizes the rope and pulls it into motion.
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Braking prusik - seizes the rope and prevents it from moving.
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Ratchet prusik - allows mechanical advantage pulley systems to be reset repeatedly for a series of pulls.
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Prusik knots create a movable connection point between two ropes.
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Prusik knot - prusik loop wrapped three times around a line, forming a hitch that can slip along the rope or seize the rope and hold it. Used in technical rescue applications and to assist a person climbing a rope.
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The figure eight bend is used to tie ropes of equal diameters together.
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Belay - climber's term for safety line.
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Figure eight on a bight is used to tie a closed loop in the rope.
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The in line figure eight is designed to handle a load in a single direction.
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A double loop figure eight may be used to attach to two different anchors.
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Loop forming knots are used when a loop is needed in the middle or the end of a rope or piece of webbing.
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Overhand loop - Tied to form a loop in the end of a piece of webbing.
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Bowline - useful knot in many applications. Can be quickly tied to form a single loop or tied around or through an object. According to some charts, the bowline weakens a rope as much as 30%, while the figure eight knot weakens it about 20%.
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Butterfly knot - used to tie a loop in the middle of a rope that may be pulled from varying directions.
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The butterfly knot can be used when the direction of the load is unknown ahead of rigging the system.
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In the context of rope rescue equipment, hardware refers to the mechanical devices needed to fully and safely construct mechanical advantage systems with rescue rope.
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Hardware - ancillary equipment used in rope systems, for example, carabiners, pulleys, and figure eight plates.
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General use - rescue hardware and equipment that is designed, tested, and labeled for lifting and lowering specific loads.
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Tripods are commonly used lifting frame that extend between 7 and 12 feet above an opening and provide a point for creating a vertical lifting configuration.
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Lashing the tops of ladders together with webbing can also be used to create a lifting frame.
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Load bearing fasteners connect rope and or webbing together or to other objects and support the weight of rescuers, victims, and equipment.
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All equipment used in rescue operations should be rated for a general use rating of 600 pounds.
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Carabiners are versatile fastening devices with a gate that allows them to snap on to other components within a rescue system.
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Only steel or aluminum carabiners with locking gates and a general use rating under NFPA 1983 should be used for rescue work.
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Carabiners are designed to be loaded in one direction only.
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They are strongest when loaded in line with their major axis and are weakest when loaded in line with their minor axis.
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Carabiners should never be connected to each other.
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When a multidirectional load must be supported, some other type of load bearing fastener should be included in the system to avoid torsional stress.
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Carabiner - steel or aluminum snap link device for attaching components of rope rescue systems together, often D shaped. In rescue work, carabiners must have a locking gate and a 5,000 pound minimum breaking strength.
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Loading a locking D - ring carabiner with both loops of a double loop figure eight can cause the carabiner to fail at a lower weight than its rated strength.
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If a carabiner has been dropped from waist height onto a hard surface, it should not be used in a life safety application until it has been lab tested.
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There is no practical way to field test a carabiner after an impact event.
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Tri-links are specifically designed to handle multidirectional loads.
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Swivels are designed to prevent the twist that sometimes develops in mechanical advantage systems.
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Anchor plates are devices used to attach multiple anchors to a single point.
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Descent devices create friction on a rope to allow a person to rappel down a fixed vertical rope at a safe and controlled rate.
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A stationary attendant may use descent devices to control the movement of a responder, litter, or equipment.
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Figure eight plates consist of a double ring of steel or anodized aluminum, with one ring larger than the other.
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If the bight in the rope looped through a figure eight plate slips, it can slide to the top of the ring and form a girth hitch.
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On some figure eight plates, called rescue eights, appendages called ears have been incorporated into the larger ring to help prevent the rope from slipping out of place.
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Rescuers often use figure eight plates while descending a rope.
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Rappel racks allow the amount of friction applied to the rope to be adjusted during descent by varying the number and spacing of the bars engaged.
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Ascending devices are designed to allow a person to climb a fixed vertical rope.
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Ascenders are not designed to stop a falling load in a belay system.
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In drop tests, ascending devices have caused serious damage or failure of life safety rope at approximately one-third of the rope's rated strength.
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Cams and handled ascenders are two basic types of hardware ascending devices used in rescue work.
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Cam devices can be used as ascenders in mechanical advantage systems.
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Two basic types of cam devices are free running and spring loaded.
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Handled ascenders are not designed to be used in hauling systems but intended only to support the weight of one person.
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Pulley components work together to allow a rope to feed smoothly through the grooves in the sheaves.
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Pulleys are used to change the direction and point of applications of a rope in a way that protects the rope from damage and keeps friction to a minimum.
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A responder who did not rig the system should perform the safety check.
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Shock loading - loads that involve motion, includes the forces from falling objects.
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Rescuers should test rope systems integrity by applying a load to it prior to using the system for rescue operations.
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A concern when rigging any anchor system is to avoid creating too wide an angle between the anchor legs in the system.
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In ideal conditions, two bombproof anchors will be placed within inches of each other, with each anchor leg lying parallel to its neighbor, and each anchor would carry exactly 50% of the load.
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Given the difficulty of measuring an angle in the field, responders should rig systems so that the angles remain less than 90 degrees.
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At 120 degrees, each leg of the anchor is subjected to a force equal to that of the weight of the working load, so a 100 pound load will exert 100 pounds of force on each leg of the anchor.
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At 150 degrees, the load at each anchor point is twice the weight of the working load.
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The most common types of anchors and anchor systems used in rescue are single and multi point.
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In the absence of good anchor points, rescuers can secure a marginal anchor point to a stronger anchor point or use a series of pickets to create an effective anchor system.
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A narrow angle between anchor points will decrease the total load applied to each anchor point.
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In the absence of a quality anchor point, pickets may be used to create an anchor system.
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Living trees greater than 6 inches in diameter are generally considered to be strong enough to meet the bombproof criterion, but dead trees, or trees with shallow root systems, may not be able to withstand a shock load.
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When using large rocks as anchors, identifying and providing necessary edge protection must be a priority.
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The most common types of single point anchors used in rescue are the tensionless, two-bight, rigging straps, and multi-wrap anchors.
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Do not use a single carabiner to capture both bights of the webbing loop as this method may create a hazardous cross loading situation.
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The 2 inch flat webbing rigging strap is a popular choice among rescue technicians looking for a combination of strength and speed.
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A typical fixed length rigging strap culminates with a D or O ring on either end, allowing it to be quickly connected to a rescue system.
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A rigging strap is very useful for connecting to an anchor point because it is strong and requires no knots.
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Multi wrap anchors are similar to tensionless but can be used with webbing as opposed to rope.
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Load sharing anchor systems allow the load to be distributed between two or more anchor points.
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Load sharing multi point anchors may fail if the direction of the load changes during the operation.
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Two point anchor systems can be rigged to accommodate changes in the direction of the load.
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If a change in the direction is anticipated, a better solution in this situation is a self adjusting anchor system.
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A pre-tensioned tie back anchor is one option available when reinforcing a questionable anchor or provide a backup anchor.
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Tied back anchor - method of building a strong anchor system form a weak or inadequate anchor point.
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A three point anchor system can connect all three points in a system that allows changes in the direction of the load.
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Tied back anchors reinforce an anchor that may not be resilient enough on its own.
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A picket should be 4 feet long and 1 inch in diameter and it is pointed on one end flat on the other to facilitate driving the pickets into the ground.
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A single picket can hold up to 700 pounds.
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Load capacities for pickets are determined for loamy soil average compactness.
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Pickets are directional anchors and should be driven into the ground two-thirds of their length.
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The length of the picket should separate each picket.
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