Chapter 12 Flashcards
When rescuers are inside a collapsed structure, an attendant must be staged near the entrance to monitor the personnel in the structure, relay requests and measurements for shoring and cribbing material, and help move necessary equipment into the structure.
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The entry team should be composed of at least two responders who are properly dressed and equipped for the conditions expected inside the structure.
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Structural collapse differs from most of the other types of collapse rescue in the numbers and types of victims that may be present.
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The majority of survivors of structural collapse incidents are surface victims.
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Rescue of surface victims can normally be accomplished using only the tools and equipment carried on most fire apparatus.
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Tools used during initial response at a structural collapse incident are commonly available.
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Structural collapse incidents are frequently the result of civil or criminal wrongdoing and the cause and nature of the collapse may be investigated by a myriad of public or private agencies and organizations.
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The process of releasing control of the collapsed structure back to the responsible party is sometimes not as straight forward as it might seem.
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Structural collapse incidents may occur in one or more of four general types of construction including light frame, heavy wall, heavy floor, and precast concrete.
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Light frame construction refers to residential homes, commercial occupancies, and apartments of up to four stories that are principally constructed of wood or of light weight steel framing.
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The main weakness of light frame buildings is the lack of lateral strength of the walls and the connections.
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Light frame construction has low lateral strength in its walls and connections.
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According to NFPA 1006, the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to qualify as a level 1 rescuer for structural collapse are specifically focused on light frame construction.
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Heavy wall - this type of structure includes unreinforced masonry and tilt up buildings.
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Heavy floor - these are typically reinforced concrete buildings.
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Precast concrete - these structures are often constructed using light weight concrete.
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The initial assessment of a structural collapse incident begins before receiving the dispatch to the incident.
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The type and age of the structure involved can indicate some of the problems that must be dealt with.
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While conducting the reconnaissance should diagram their findings of the surveyed area or, if possible, use existing plans to indicate their findings.
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In addition to any sign of survivors, pertinent information includes the size of the structure and the type of construction, as well as any possible access points for rescue activities.
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Responders should attempt to determine the cause of the collapse before arrival at the incident scene.
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Pancake collapse pattern may happen in any building, but is most likely in high rise buildings, and buildings with wood or masonry load bearing walls supporting the floors and roof.
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Pancake collapse - Shoring is usually required under the floors.
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V-shape collapse - shoring is usually required under the two suspended floor pieces and possibly outside walls, opposite where the floors are still connected.
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Lean to collapse - shoring is usually required under the two suspended floor possibly on the outside wall, opposite where the floor is still connected.
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A frame collapse - shoring is usually required under the suspended floor pieces and possibly on the outside walls.
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Cantilever collapse - this type is similar to the pancake pattern with the added problem of some of the floor planes extending, unsupported from the debris pile.
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The pancake collapse is the pattern least likely to contain voids in which live victims may be found, but it must always be assumed that there are live victims in the rubble until it is proven otherwise.
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Structural supports may be visible on older buildings, often with decorative stars on the outside.;
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The V-type collapse pattern occurs when the floors and or roof structure fail in the middle while still connected to the intact outer walls.
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The lean to collapse pattern occurs when one outer wall fails while the opposite wall remains intact.
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The A-frame collapse pattern develops when two lean to collapses are supported by a common intact load bearing wall.
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The cantilever collapse pattern occurs when one or two outside walls of a multistory building collapse, leaving the floors attached to and supported by the remaining walls.
- this collapse pattern is the least stable, and is the most vulnerable to secondary collapse.
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Structural collapse rescue is among the most complex of the technical rescue disciplines.
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Breaching and cutting operations require the careful planning and evaluation of any changes made to the structure.
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Depending on the layout and condition of the structure, ventilation may clear isolated pockets of contaminated atmosphere.
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Using a light water spray near the ventilation point may help to limit the amount of dust that becomes airborne as a result of ventilation.
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