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Tech Search & Rescue > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

When rescuers are inside a collapsed structure, an attendant must be staged near the entrance to monitor the personnel in the structure, relay requests and measurements for shoring and cribbing material, and help move necessary equipment into the structure.

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2
Q

The entry team should be composed of at least two responders who are properly dressed and equipped for the conditions expected inside the structure.

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3
Q

Structural collapse differs from most of the other types of collapse rescue in the numbers and types of victims that may be present.

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4
Q

The majority of survivors of structural collapse incidents are surface victims.

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5
Q

Rescue of surface victims can normally be accomplished using only the tools and equipment carried on most fire apparatus.

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6
Q

Tools used during initial response at a structural collapse incident are commonly available.

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7
Q

Structural collapse incidents are frequently the result of civil or criminal wrongdoing and the cause and nature of the collapse may be investigated by a myriad of public or private agencies and organizations.

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8
Q

The process of releasing control of the collapsed structure back to the responsible party is sometimes not as straight forward as it might seem.

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9
Q

Structural collapse incidents may occur in one or more of four general types of construction including light frame, heavy wall, heavy floor, and precast concrete.

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10
Q

Light frame construction refers to residential homes, commercial occupancies, and apartments of up to four stories that are principally constructed of wood or of light weight steel framing.

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11
Q

The main weakness of light frame buildings is the lack of lateral strength of the walls and the connections.

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12
Q

Light frame construction has low lateral strength in its walls and connections.

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13
Q

According to NFPA 1006, the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to qualify as a level 1 rescuer for structural collapse are specifically focused on light frame construction.

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14
Q

Heavy wall - this type of structure includes unreinforced masonry and tilt up buildings.

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15
Q

Heavy floor - these are typically reinforced concrete buildings.

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16
Q

Precast concrete - these structures are often constructed using light weight concrete.

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17
Q

The initial assessment of a structural collapse incident begins before receiving the dispatch to the incident.

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18
Q

The type and age of the structure involved can indicate some of the problems that must be dealt with.

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19
Q

While conducting the reconnaissance should diagram their findings of the surveyed area or, if possible, use existing plans to indicate their findings.

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20
Q

In addition to any sign of survivors, pertinent information includes the size of the structure and the type of construction, as well as any possible access points for rescue activities.

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21
Q

Responders should attempt to determine the cause of the collapse before arrival at the incident scene.

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22
Q

Pancake collapse pattern may happen in any building, but is most likely in high rise buildings, and buildings with wood or masonry load bearing walls supporting the floors and roof.

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23
Q

Pancake collapse - Shoring is usually required under the floors.

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24
Q

V-shape collapse - shoring is usually required under the two suspended floor pieces and possibly outside walls, opposite where the floors are still connected.

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25
Lean to collapse - shoring is usually required under the two suspended floor possibly on the outside wall, opposite where the floor is still connected.
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26
A frame collapse - shoring is usually required under the suspended floor pieces and possibly on the outside walls.
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27
Cantilever collapse - this type is similar to the pancake pattern with the added problem of some of the floor planes extending, unsupported from the debris pile.
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The pancake collapse is the pattern least likely to contain voids in which live victims may be found, but it must always be assumed that there are live victims in the rubble until it is proven otherwise.
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Structural supports may be visible on older buildings, often with decorative stars on the outside.;
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The V-type collapse pattern occurs when the floors and or roof structure fail in the middle while still connected to the intact outer walls.
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The lean to collapse pattern occurs when one outer wall fails while the opposite wall remains intact.
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The A-frame collapse pattern develops when two lean to collapses are supported by a common intact load bearing wall.
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The cantilever collapse pattern occurs when one or two outside walls of a multistory building collapse, leaving the floors attached to and supported by the remaining walls. - this collapse pattern is the least stable, and is the most vulnerable to secondary collapse.
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Structural collapse rescue is among the most complex of the technical rescue disciplines.
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35
Breaching and cutting operations require the careful planning and evaluation of any changes made to the structure.
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Depending on the layout and condition of the structure, ventilation may clear isolated pockets of contaminated atmosphere.
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37
Using a light water spray near the ventilation point may help to limit the amount of dust that becomes airborne as a result of ventilation.
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38
FEMA search markings indicate hazards and other features found in a structure, including any victims.
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39
Void search involves entering accessible spaces, hailing possible victims, and waiting for a reply.
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40
As rescuers search a building, they should mark their progress and findings with a standard marking system.
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Void exploration is different from breaching or cutting because rescuers do not dig through rubble and debris.
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42
Monitoring changes in a building's position can be as simple as aligning a long level on a consistent surface and checking it periodically.
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43
Once all victims have been removed from the structure, general operation, exposing rescuers to as little risk as possible.
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44
Constructing a system of wooden shores may be the most appropriate and safest way to stabilize heavy horizontal or vertical objects.
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45
Timbers with a square cross section are better for shoring because they are stronger than those with a rectangular cross section of equal area.
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46
Pneumatic nailers deliver less shock to a system during construction.
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47
Consulting shoring guides will help a rescuer determine the resources needed for a structural shore.
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48
Vertical shores are the simplest form of shoring system and the easiest to construct.
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49
Each strut should be cut shorter than the vertical distance between the soleplate and the header to leave room for wedges, clamps, or jacks.
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Two 2 post vertical shores used together form a laced box shore.
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Horizontal shores are supports installed to stabilize two opposing walls.
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Vertical shores uses simple components to brace a load.
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Horizontal shores are used to brace parallel loads, usually between two vertical walls.
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Top cleat is nailed to the upright to hold the top horizontal shore.
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Wedge packs are installed to charge the shores.
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56
Vertical or horizontal struts or braces may be used to shore weakened window and doorway openings.
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Raker shores consist of a vertical wall plate, a diagonal post, and a soleplate.
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In structural collapse applications, raker shores are most often used to brace freestanding walls that are unstable because of deformation or misalignment.
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Raker shores are always installed as part of a system of two or more supports
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These shores are strongest when the raker is installed at an angle of 45 degrees or less to the horizontal, but it can be installed at any angle up to 60 degrees.
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Door and window shores may be charged both horizontally and vertically.
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When struts or braces are cut for rakers or any other shoring system, the ends should be cut so that they make full contact with the header or wall plate.
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The soleplate should be embedded in the horizontal surface at about 90 degrees to the angle at which the raker will be installed.
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64
Two types of simple machines that can be used to provide mechanical advantage include levers and inclined planes.
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Simple machine - any device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force.
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Inclined plane - a simple machine that uses flat, slanted surface to raise or lower objects.
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The lever works by transferring a force from one location to another while at the same time changing the direction of the force.
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When determining the appropriate lever for a specific task, the load, force, and fulcrum must first be located.
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Class 1 - load is applied at one end of the lever and the force is applied at the other end, with the fulcrum in the middle.
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Class 2 - Fulcrum is at one end and the force is applied at the other end, with the load in the middle.
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Class 3 - load is at one end and a fulcrum at the opposite end, with the force in the middle.
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An inclined plane is a simple device that uses a slanted surface to raise objects.
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Mechanical advantage of a lever is relative to the length of the lever and the position of the fulcrum.
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Class 1 levers have a fulcrum between the load and the force.
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Inclined planes use a gradual slope to raise an object using less force.
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Do not work beneath a load that is only supported by a lifting tool.
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Friction is the resistance created when two objects rub against one another.
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Reducing the surface area between two objects reduces the amount of friction present.
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An objects center of gravity is the point where the whole weight of an object is acting vertically downward.
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Angles of attachment greatly influence hauling system effectiveness and behavior.
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When using a sling, the eye of the sling should be positioned to create an angle between the sling and the load of at least 45 degrees.
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82
When the lifting point of the rigging is not directly above the center of gravity, the load will rotate.
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83
Pickets or steel pipe found and salvaged from debris piles may be used, if they straight enough to roll evenly
12
84
Cribbing during lifting operations is a safe way to prevent a load from shifting and falling.
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85
Before breaching and cutting operations are started, every effort must be made to locate any victims trapped inside the collapsed structure.
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86
If hailing from outside the structure does not produce a response, relatively shallow cuts and small openings - from a saw, auger, or drill- may be used to introduce a search camera or other device into the environment.
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87
Collapse debris should be shifted or removed in order from smaller pieces to larger pieces.
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Any piece of debris that resists being moved should be left in place until it can be reinforced.
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Making a horizontal entry through existing cavities or through walls in light frame buildings is the best method for reaching victims.
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90
A maximum of 2 adjacent floor joists may be cut to make an access hole, provided the joists supports appear undamaged.
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91
When cutting a brick or block wall that may be incorporated into a light frame structure, an inverted triangle pattern should be employed that may maintain the integrity of the remainder of the wall above and around the opening.
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When cutting a wood frame wall, as with any other wall, determine whether it is load bearing.
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No more than one stud may be cut to permit passage of personnel unless shoring is provided.
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Tech Search & Rescue (14 decks)

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