Chapter 2 Flashcards
Rescuer safety should be addressed in every incident action plan.
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The technical rescue disciplines identified in NFPA 1006 can be separated into two general categories: land based and water based rescues.
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Equipment must be chosen for its suitability to the relevant rescue environment.
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Life safety rope - rope that meets the requirements of NFPA 1983, standard on life safety, rope and equipment for emergency services and is dedicated solely for the purpose of constructing lines to be used for raising, lowering, or supporting people during rescue incidents or emergency operations, or training.
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NFPA 1994, standard on protective ensembles for first responders to CBRN terrorism.
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Optional design requirements for structural and proximity ensembles that are certified to protect the wearer during CBRN incidents are included in NFPA 1971.
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All helmets in land based rescue incidents should conform to NFPA 1951, standard on protective ensembles for technical rescue incidents, or NFPA 1971, standard on protective ensembles for structural fire fighting and proximity firefighting.
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Only intrinsically safe accessories should be mounted on helmets used in a potentially flammable or explosive environment.
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For oxyacetylene or gasoline fueled cutting operations, eye protection with a shade rating of 3.0 may be sufficient.
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For cutting operations with exothermic devices, a shade rating of 5.0 is required.
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To protect their eyes, rescuers should use goggles or safety glasses that meet the requirements of ANSI Z87.1.
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Firefighters exposed to any noise in excess of 90 dB must be provided with appropriate hearing protection
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Hearing protection devices should conform to ANSI S3.19 or S12.6, and have noise reduction rating of at least 20 decibels.
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Two general types of hearing protection devices are used in most rescue operations: earplugs and headsets.
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Most manufactured earplugs have an NRR of at least 20 dB, and some exceed 30 dB.
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NFPA 1971 lists specific requirements for the amount of reflective striping necessary on structural PPE.
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To increase visibility to oncoming traffic, rescuers should wear traffic vests with retroreflective trim that reflects headlight beams providing visibility at night or in low light situations.
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All structural PPE must conform to the requirements listed in NFPA 1971, standard for protective ensembles for structural firefighting.
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Protective clothing for technical rescue applications must meet the standards established in NFPA 1951 or the AHJ requirements.
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Gloves used for technical rescue must meet the requirements established by NFPA 1951.
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Gloves used during rope rescue tasks must be free of any contaminants including glass shards and grease/oil.
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Life safety harnesses are worn to prevent falls when rescuers need to operate in the vertical plane.
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NFPA 1983, standard on life safety rope and equipment for emergency services, identifies three categories of life safety harnesses.
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Only the Class 3 harness offers full security for rescuers in all environments.
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Class 1 and 2 harness fastens around the waist and around thighs or under the buttocks.
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Class 1 harness is intended for emergency escape with a load of up to 300 pounds.
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Class 2 harness may be used in rescues with up to a 600 pound load.
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Also known as a full body harness, a class 3 harness fastens around the waist, around the thighs or under the buttocks, and over the shoulders.
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PPE used for water based rescues must conform to the standards identified in NFPA 1952 and AHJ requirements.
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Helmets for water rescue are designed to minimize drag when moving through the water.
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Shore based rescuers using life safety ropes in support of water rescue operations should use gloves designed for rope rescue work.
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All personnel operating within 10 feet of the waters edge, entering the water, or riding in a waterborne craft must wear PFD approved by the U.S. coast guard or transport canada.
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The standard outlined in NFPA 1952 calls for personnel engaged in water rescue operations to use a type V vest with at least 22 pounds of buoyancy.
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At least 16 percent oxygen is needed for flame production and human life.
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Hazardous vapors, fumes, smoke, dust, heat, or oxygen deficient atmospheres present rescue environments that require respiratory protection.
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Open circuit SCBA and SABA draw breathing air from the source of supply and discharge the exhaust air into the atmosphere.
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Closed circuit SCBA draw air from the source, contain the exhaust air within the unit, filter out the carbon dioxide, reoxygenate the air, and resupply it to the wearer.
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Air purifying respirators draw breathing air from the atmosphere and pass it through a filter prior to inhalation by the user.
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All SCBA must be of the positive pressure type and meet the requirements of NFPA 1981, standard on open circuit self contained breathing apparatus for fire and emergency services.
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The most common type of SCBA consists of a cylinder of compressed air with a standard rated service time.
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Supplied air respirators are intended to enable the rescuer to egress to a safe area in the event of a problem with the primary air supply.
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Hoses up to 300 feet in length connect facepieces to a breathing air compressor or air cylinder located outside the hazard area.
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Closed circuit SCBA use a smaller cylinder containing pure oxygen instead of a larger cylinder containing compressed breathing air.
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High efficiency particulate air filters must be at least 99.97 percent efficient at removing particles as small as 0.3 micrometers in responses.
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The use of procedures that minimize rescuer exposure to blood and bodily fluids is known as universal precautions and should be utilized for every injured victim.
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Body substance isolation is the practice of containing blood and bodily fluids to minimize disease transmission.
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Decontamination is the process of removing a hazardous substance from a person or object.
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Primary decontamination must occur at the incident site to prevent contaminants from being carried to the fire station.
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Fire stations should comply with the requirements in NFPA 1500 for performing secondary decontamination at the station.
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Only rescuers or individuals who are manufacturer trained and certified should perform specialized maintenance on PPE.
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Hand tools are more likely to be intrinsically safe than their powered counterparts, so they tend to be the default choice in a potentially hazardous or flammable atmosphere.
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Striking tools use a weighted head at the end of a handle to deliver force to a specified target.
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Pry bars and other manually operated prying tools use the principal of leverage to provide mechanical advantage.
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Force applied to the tools handle, or lever, is multiplied at the working end based upon the distance between the fulcrum and the working end.
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Because they do not require ballistic movement or high impact, prying tools are generally safer than striking tools.
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Pry bars multiply the force applied at the handle to a larger amount of force produced at the working end.
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Adze - chopping tool with a thin, arched blade set at a right angle to the handle.
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Jacks are most often used to support a load that is aligned vertically, but they may also be used to stabilize horizontal objects.
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Jacks generally work best when the distance between the surface and the object to be stabilized is less than 2 feet.
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As the load is lifted with the jack, an equal amount of cribbing should be added.
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