Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Rescuer safety should be addressed in every incident action plan.
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2
Q
The technical rescue disciplines identified in NFPA 1006 can be separated into two general categories: land based and water based rescues.
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3
Q
Equipment must be chosen for its suitability to the relevant rescue environment.
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4
Q
Life safety rope - rope that meets the requirements of NFPA 1983, standard on life safety, rope and equipment for emergency services and is dedicated solely for the purpose of constructing lines to be used for raising, lowering, or supporting people during rescue incidents or emergency operations, or training.
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5
Q
NFPA 1994, standard on protective ensembles for first responders to CBRN terrorism.
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6
Q
Optional design requirements for structural and proximity ensembles that are certified to protect the wearer during CBRN incidents are included in NFPA 1971.
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7
Q
All helmets in land based rescue incidents should conform to NFPA 1951, standard on protective ensembles for technical rescue incidents, or NFPA 1971, standard on protective ensembles for structural fire fighting and proximity firefighting.
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8
Q
Only intrinsically safe accessories should be mounted on helmets used in a potentially flammable or explosive environment.
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9
Q
For oxyacetylene or gasoline fueled cutting operations, eye protection with a shade rating of 3.0 may be sufficient.
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10
Q
For cutting operations with exothermic devices, a shade rating of 5.0 is required.
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11
Q
To protect their eyes, rescuers should use goggles or safety glasses that meet the requirements of ANSI Z87.1.
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12
Q
Firefighters exposed to any noise in excess of 90 dB must be provided with appropriate hearing protection
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13
Q
Hearing protection devices should conform to ANSI S3.19 or S12.6, and have noise reduction rating of at least 20 decibels.
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14
Q
Two general types of hearing protection devices are used in most rescue operations: earplugs and headsets.
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15
Q
Most manufactured earplugs have an NRR of at least 20 dB, and some exceed 30 dB.
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16
Q
NFPA 1971 lists specific requirements for the amount of reflective striping necessary on structural PPE.
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17
Q
To increase visibility to oncoming traffic, rescuers should wear traffic vests with retroreflective trim that reflects headlight beams providing visibility at night or in low light situations.
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18
Q
All structural PPE must conform to the requirements listed in NFPA 1971, standard for protective ensembles for structural firefighting.
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19
Q
Protective clothing for technical rescue applications must meet the standards established in NFPA 1951 or the AHJ requirements.
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20
Q
Gloves used for technical rescue must meet the requirements established by NFPA 1951.
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21
Q
Gloves used during rope rescue tasks must be free of any contaminants including glass shards and grease/oil.
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22
Q
Life safety harnesses are worn to prevent falls when rescuers need to operate in the vertical plane.
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23
Q
NFPA 1983, standard on life safety rope and equipment for emergency services, identifies three categories of life safety harnesses.
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24
Q
Only the Class 3 harness offers full security for rescuers in all environments.
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25
Class 1 and 2 harness fastens around the waist and around thighs or under the buttocks.
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Class 1 harness is intended for emergency escape with a load of up to 300 pounds.
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27
Class 2 harness may be used in rescues with up to a 600 pound load.
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Also known as a full body harness, a class 3 harness fastens around the waist, around the thighs or under the buttocks, and over the shoulders.
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29
PPE used for water based rescues must conform to the standards identified in NFPA 1952 and AHJ requirements.
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30
Helmets for water rescue are designed to minimize drag when moving through the water.
2
31
Shore based rescuers using life safety ropes in support of water rescue operations should use gloves designed for rope rescue work.
2
32
All personnel operating within 10 feet of the waters edge, entering the water, or riding in a waterborne craft must wear PFD approved by the U.S. coast guard or transport canada.
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33
The standard outlined in NFPA 1952 calls for personnel engaged in water rescue operations to use a type V vest with at least 22 pounds of buoyancy.
2
34
At least 16 percent oxygen is needed for flame production and human life.
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35
Hazardous vapors, fumes, smoke, dust, heat, or oxygen deficient atmospheres present rescue environments that require respiratory protection.
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36
Open circuit SCBA and SABA draw breathing air from the source of supply and discharge the exhaust air into the atmosphere.
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37
Closed circuit SCBA draw air from the source, contain the exhaust air within the unit, filter out the carbon dioxide, reoxygenate the air, and resupply it to the wearer.
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38
Air purifying respirators draw breathing air from the atmosphere and pass it through a filter prior to inhalation by the user.
2
39
All SCBA must be of the positive pressure type and meet the requirements of NFPA 1981, standard on open circuit self contained breathing apparatus for fire and emergency services.
2
40
The most common type of SCBA consists of a cylinder of compressed air with a standard rated service time.
2
41
Supplied air respirators are intended to enable the rescuer to egress to a safe area in the event of a problem with the primary air supply.
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42
Hoses up to 300 feet in length connect facepieces to a breathing air compressor or air cylinder located outside the hazard area.
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43
Closed circuit SCBA use a smaller cylinder containing pure oxygen instead of a larger cylinder containing compressed breathing air.
2
44
High efficiency particulate air filters must be at least 99.97 percent efficient at removing particles as small as 0.3 micrometers in responses.
2
45
The use of procedures that minimize rescuer exposure to blood and bodily fluids is known as universal precautions and should be utilized for every injured victim.
2
46
Body substance isolation is the practice of containing blood and bodily fluids to minimize disease transmission.
2
47
Decontamination is the process of removing a hazardous substance from a person or object.
2
48
Primary decontamination must occur at the incident site to prevent contaminants from being carried to the fire station.
2
49
Fire stations should comply with the requirements in NFPA 1500 for performing secondary decontamination at the station.
2
50
Only rescuers or individuals who are manufacturer trained and certified should perform specialized maintenance on PPE.
2
51
Hand tools are more likely to be intrinsically safe than their powered counterparts, so they tend to be the default choice in a potentially hazardous or flammable atmosphere.
2
52
Striking tools use a weighted head at the end of a handle to deliver force to a specified target.
2
53
Pry bars and other manually operated prying tools use the principal of leverage to provide mechanical advantage.
2
54
Force applied to the tools handle, or lever, is multiplied at the working end based upon the distance between the fulcrum and the working end.
2
55
Because they do not require ballistic movement or high impact, prying tools are generally safer than striking tools.
2
56
Pry bars multiply the force applied at the handle to a larger amount of force produced at the working end.
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57
Adze - chopping tool with a thin, arched blade set at a right angle to the handle.
2
58
Jacks are most often used to support a load that is aligned vertically, but they may also be used to stabilize horizontal objects.
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59
Jacks generally work best when the distance between the surface and the object to be stabilized is less than 2 feet.
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60
As the load is lifted with the jack, an equal amount of cribbing should be added.
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61
Because of their ease of application, durability, and relatively low cost, screw jacks are becoming increasingly common for many shoring applications.
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Screw jacks have a female threaded base in which the shaft extends or retracts.
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To maintain stability, the shaft should never be extended beyond two-thirds of its length.
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The only substantial difference between using jacks and wooden cribbing components is that when the distance between the uprights has been determined, the pipe for the jack should be cut 8 inches shorter than that measurement.
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Ratchet lever jacks are the least stable of all the various types of jacks.
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An ellis screw jack can accommodate a length of lumber to allow it to fit in almost any space.
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A bar screw jack is raised and lowered using a bar to turn the screw.
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68
Ratchet lever jacks raise a load in a straight line along an I beam.
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69
Hydraulic tools may be divided into two categories: powered hydraulic tools and manual hydraulic tools.
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Powered hydraulic spreaders were the first powered hydraulic tools to become available to the fire rescue service.
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71
Depending on the brand, these tools can produce 22,000 psi or more of force at the tips of the tool.
2
72
The tips of the tool may spread as much as 32 inches apart.
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Hydraulic shears are capable of cutting almost any metal object that can fit between their blades, although some models cannot cut case hardened steel.
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Shears are typically capable of developing 30,000 psi or more of cutting force and have an opening spread of approximately 7 inches.
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75
To prevent damage to the blades, cuts should be made at 90 degrees to the material being cut.
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Extension rams are designed primarily for straight pushing operations, although they are effective at pulling as well.
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The largest of these extension rams can extend form a closed length of 3 feet to an extended length of more than 5 feet.
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They open with a pushing force of more than 15,000 psi. The closing force is about one half that of the opening force.
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The hydraulic jack is designed for heavy lifting applications and for shoring or stabilizing.
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Most hydraulic jacks have lifting capacities up to 20 tons.
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81
The small cap on top of a hydraulic jack can penetrate a large concrete slab causing the jack to destroy its supporting surface.
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Using a piece of cribbing under the jack can spread the load over a larger area to prevent the failure of the surface.
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83
The care and maintenance of hydraulic tools focus on three elements: the power plant/hydraulics pump, hydraulic hose and couplings, and the actual tools.
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84
Pneumatic tools use compressed air to operate.
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85
Pneumatic air chisels are well suited for cutting metal in confined spaces and in voids.
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Depending upon variables in air supply pressure, soil type, and moisture content, air knives can almost instantly create a hole 1 foot in diameter and 1 foot deep.
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Consisting of a suction tube and a collector bag, air vacuums can pick up loose soil and rocks up to 2 3/4 inches in diameter.
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Driven by compressed air at 90 psi from an SCBA cylinder with a regulator, the whizzer operates much quieter than other power saws and will run for approximately 3 minutes from a full cylinder.
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89
The inflation pressure of high pressure bags ranges from approximately 116 to 145 psi.
2
90
The largest bags can lift approximately 75 tons one inch, however, an air bag's weight lifting capacity decreases as the height of the lift increases.
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The formula for calculating the lifting capacity of high pressure air bags is L x W x OP.
2
92
Avoid positioning air bags against materials that are hotter than 220*F.
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Air bags should never be stacked more than two high, with the smaller bag on top, the bottom bag should be inflated first.
2
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Depending on the manufacturer, a low or medium pressure lifting bag may be capable of lifting an object 6 feet above its original position.
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Low pressure bags generally operate on 7 to 10 psi, while medium pressure bags use 12 to 15 psi.
2
96
Never use compressed oxygen to power pneumatic tools.
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97
Mixing pure oxygen with grease and oils found on the tools will result in fire or violent explosion.
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98
Cribbing refers to creating a base to stabilize an object in conjunction with a lifting or raising operation.
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99
Shoring refers to the stabilization of objects that are in danger of collapse, or secondary collapse, such as a trench cave in.
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100
Wood cribbing is one of the best resources for stabilizing horizontal objects because of its strength and ease of construction.
2
101
For maximum stability, cribbing should be built in cross tie configuration using three members per layer.
2
102
If rescuers must work under a heavy horizontal object, such as a collapsed wall, cribbing should be installed on both sides of the entry point and not more than 4 feet apart.
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103
Angled cribs are not very stable. Keep height to width within 1 to 1.
2
104
Pneumatic or hydraulic shores having a minimum load capacity rating of 10 tons may be used for stabilizing heavy horizontal or vertical objects.
2
105
Wedges are shims used in pairs to provide close contact between a shoring system and the supported load.
2
106
Usually made of aluminum and sometimes called air shores, or rescue struts, pneumatic shoring uses compressed air to apply pressure against two opposing surfaces.
2
107
The operating range of most pneumatic shores is from 100 to 350 psi.
2
108
Pneumatic cylinders capable of supporting 20,000 to 30,000 pounds consist of a solid metal shaft within a cylinder, with a movable footplate attached.
2
109
When in position between two upright supports, compressed air or nitrogen is introduced into the middle shore first to prevent the top or bottom of the panel from kicking out of place.
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110
A large toothed blade produces a faster, less precise cut than does a fine toothed blade.
2
111
During some concrete cutting operations, the blade may be lubricated and cooled with a fine water mist from a hoseline.
2
112
The rotational torque from a rotary saw causes the saw to twist which could result in loss of control.
2
113
Rotary saw blades should be stored in a clean, dry environment free of hydrocarbon fumes, these fumes can cause invisible deterioration of composite blades.
2
114
The first and most important step to prolong blade life is to select the proper wheel.
2
115
Wheel segments vary in hardness according to the material they are designed to cut.
2
116
Carbide tipped blades are designed to cut wood, and can be used to cut nails in wood.
2
117
Abrasive blades are designed for cutting steel and certain other metals.
2
118
When cutting steel, it is important to start a full speed, measured in revolutions per minute, and ease the saw into the material, gradually adjusting pressure manually.
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119
Saws should never be transported with the abrasive blades attached.
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120
Although they are comparatively expensive, diamond segmented blades are very useful for specific purposes, such as cutting concrete.
2
121
Diamond blades are not as susceptible to chipping and cracking as abrasive blades.
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122
The major limitation of a circular saw is its cutting depth: usually 3 to 10 inches.
2
123
Leg injuries account for 40 percent of all chain saw injuries.
2
124
A dull chain increases operator fatigue and increases the risk of kickback.
2
125
Most chain saws have two sets of filters: a pre filter and a fine filter.
2
126
If after starting, the engine stalls within 10 to 15 seconds, the one way valve may have become clogged.
2
127
For preheating metal, the flame temperature is approximately 4,200*F.
2
128
Acetylene is an unstable gas with a wide flammability range that is both pressure and shock sensitive.
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129
The cylinders contain a porous filler of calcium silicate, which prevents accumulations of free acetylene within the cylinder.
2
130
Acetylene cylinders should remain upright to prevent loss of acetone.
2
131
Exothermic cutting rods can be used on materials that are underwater.
2
132
Plasma arc cutters are also ultra high temperature metal cutting devices that produce cutting temperatures as high as 25,000*F.
2
133
The three most common drives for winches are electric, hydraulic, and power take off.
2
134
A blanket, tarp, or coat placed on the winch cable may diminish the distance that a broken winch cable travels. Approximately 5 to 6 feet from the hook.
2
135
The winch cable should not be attached directly to the load, but a sling or choker that is attached to the load.
2
136
In the event of a hook failure under a load, the broken hook will move in the direction of the back of the hook.
2
137
Do not pull for more than one minute when operating at or near the rated load capacity of the winch/cable.
2
138
Never operate the winch when there are less than 5 wraps of cable around the winch drum.
2
139
A come along is a portable cable/chain winch operated by a manual ratchet.
2
140
The most common sizes or ratings of come alongs are 1 to 10 tons.
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141
The best chain for rescue work is Grade 80, also known as Grade T.
2
142
The minimum chain size generally used for rescue operations is 3/8 inch.
2
143
A come along uses a ratchet to pull a movable object toward the anchor point.
2
144
Secondary collapses are the most dangerous hazards that rescuers encounter at a trench or building collapse.
2
145
A carpenter's level can be set to level and secured to a building so that responders may see an indication that movement has occured.
2
146
The atmosphere is considered oxygen deficient whenever the percentage of oxygen drops below 19.5 percent.
2
147
Oxygen deficiency can result from biological activity such as in fermentation, a fire or other oxidation process, or the oxygen being displaced by another gas being intentionally or unintentionally introduced into the space.
2
148
Any atmosphere that exceeds 23.5 percent oxygen is considered to be an oxygen enriched atmosphere.
2
149
An atmosphere containing a flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit is considered hazardous.
2
150
The LFL of airborne combustible grain dust can be approximated when the dust obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet or less.
2
151
An example of a toxic gas is hydrogen sulfide, also known as sewer gas, which can rapidly paralyze a victim's respiratory function.
2
152
NFPA 1801, standard on thermal imagers for the fire service.
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