Chapter 8, 9 and 10 Pharmacology across the lifespan

Question 1

what two factors cause a change in absorption during pregnancy***

Answer 1

Increased levels of progesterone and estrogen

Question 2

how do increased levels of progesterone in pregnant women effect absorption**

Answer 2

higher progesterone increases pulmonary blood flow which creates a higher absorption of respiratory agents

Question 3

how does increased levels of estrogen effect absorption of medication**

Answer 3

Increased levels of estrogen causes delayed gastric emptying and increased stomach acid which can either increase or decrease absorption time of oral medication

Question 4

How is distribution of medication affected by pregnancy**

Answer 4

total body water increases which causes fewer plasma proteins to be available to bind to “free drug” in the plasma

Question 5

how is excretion affected during pregnancy***

Answer 5

is enhanced during pregnancy so dosage of medication needs to be altered

Question 6

what substances can freely pass from mother to fetus across the placental membrane

Answer 6

Vitamins
Fatty Acids
Glucose
Electrolytes

Question 6

How is metabolizam altered during pregnancy***

Answer 6

Metabolizam is significantly altered during pregnancy however there isn’t much known about how specifically

Question 7

what kind of drugs can be taken without a prescription during pregnancy

Answer 7

There are NO types of drugs that should be taken without a prescription during pregnancy

Question 8

what is a category A drug for pregnant women

Answer 8

Drug that is safe during pregnancy

Question 9

What is a category B drug for pregnant women

Answer 9

A drug that is also considered safe

Question 10

what is a category C drug for pregnant women

Answer 10

drugs that have insufficient data to determine safety or cause of birth defects and should be avoided

Question 11

What are category D and X drugs for pregnant people

Answer 11

Drugs that are avoided due to the potential for serious birth defects

Question 12

the amount of drug that is passed from breast milk to infant depends on multiple factors

Answer 12

Plasma drug level
Solubility of the drug
Molecular size and protein binding
Drug ionization
Drug half life

Question 13

what kind of drugs should women take while they are brest feeding

Answer 13

All drugs should be avoided unless approved by a health care provider

Question 14

what effect does topical medication have on breastfeeding infants

Answer 14

usually topical medication applied to the skin has no effect on breastfeeding infants

Question 15

What are physiological factors that are different in pediatric patients that effects Absorption

Answer 15

Increased gastric Ph
Delayed gastric emptying
Slowed gastric motility
Low blood flow to skeletal muscles (making IM administration slow and erratic)
Skin of infants is thin and highly permeable

Question 16

What are physiological factors that are different in pediatric patients that effects distribution

Answer 16

Proportion of water to fat (babies have very high water content may need to have a higher dose to maintain adequate serum levels)
Underdeveloped Blood brain barrier (drugs can more easily get in and cause toxicity)
Immature liver function (Free drug has no proteins to bind to)

Question 17

What are physiological factors that are different in pediatric patients that effects metabolism

Answer 17

Immature liver reduces how quickly the body can metabolize drugs

Question 18

at what age do metabolic rates reach adult levels

Answer 18

3-5 years old

Question 19

What are physiological factors that are different in pediatric patients that effects excretion

Answer 19

Pediatric patients have underdeveloped kidneys so any drug excreted by this route will stay in the body longer

Question 20

how are medication dosages measured for pediatric patients***

Answer 20

mg/Kg/per day and NOT age

Question 21

What age is neonatal period of development

Answer 21

First 28 days of life

Question 22

what medications are extremely common in poisonings for toddlers***

Answer 22

Analgesics
Cough syrup
Topical ointments
Vitamins

Question 23

What are physiological factors that are different in geriatric patients patients that affects Absorption

Answer 23

less motility of GI system so drugs remain in the GI tract for longer and have more time to produce adverse effects
less blood flow to GI system so drugs are absorbed slower

Question 24

What are physiological factors that are different in geriatric patients patients that affects Distribution

Answer 24

Older people have more body fat (which causes lipid soluble drugs to be stored in the body for longer)
Older people have less body fluid (so drugs are less diluted therefore water soluble drugs have higher serum concentrations and can produce more adverse effects)

Question 25

What are physiological factors that are different in geriatric patients patients that affects Metabolism

Answer 25

Liver function declines (Higher concentrations of “free drug”)
Increased permeability of blood brain barrier

Question 26

What are physiological factors that are different in geriatric patients patients that affects elimination

Answer 26

Renal function declines significantly

Question 27

what are three drugs that older people have an increased response to

Answer 27

Anticholinergics
CNS depressants
Warfarin

Question 28

What are two drugs that old people have a decreased response to

Answer 28

Beta receptor antagonists
beta receptor agonists