Chapter 8

Question 1

federal bureaucracy

Answer 1

D: consists of the roughly 500 departments, agencies, administrations, authorities, and commissions that carry out responsibilities assigned to them through Congressional legislation.

S: The federal bureaucracy performs three primary tasks in government: implementation, administration, and regulation.

Question 2

Max Weber

Answer 2

D: a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, and political economist.
S: Max Weber’s ideas profoundly influenced social theory and social research.

Question 3

spoils system

Answer 3

D: the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

S: A spoils system is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government civil service jobs to its supporters, friends, and relatives as a reward.

Question 4

patronage

Answer 4

D: Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another.

S: Recruits are selected on merit, not through political patronage.

Question 5

merit system

Answer 5

D: the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections

S: The merit system is the opposite of the spoils system.

Question 6

Pendleton Act

Answer 6

D: a United States federal law enacted in 1883 that mandated that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation.

S: The Pendleton Act was enacted by the 47th U.S. Congress.

Question 7

civil service system

Answer 7

D: branches of public service concerned with all governmental administrative functions outside the armed services.

S: In government, civil service is a system or method of appointing government employees on the basis of competitive examinations, rather than by political patronage.

Question 8

Sixteenth Amendment

Answer 8

D: The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

S: The Sixteenth Amendment allows the federal United States government to levy an income tax from all Americans.

Question 9

World War I

Answer 9

D: a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918

S: World War I began in August 1914. It was directly triggered by the assassination of the Austrian archduke, Franz Ferdinand and his wife, on 28th June 1914 by Bosnian revolutionary, Gavrilo Princip.

Question 10

Great Depression

Answer 10

D: a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.

S: The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late-1930s.

Question 11

World War II

Answer 11

D: a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945

S: World War II formed the Allied (Great Britain, The United States, China, and the Soviet Union) and the Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy).

Question 12

G.I. Bill

Answer 12

D: A law passed in 1944 that provided educational and other benefits for people who had served in the armed forces in World War II.

S: Benefits from the G.I. Bill are still available to persons honorably discharged from the armed forces.

Question 13

Great Society

Answer 13

D: a set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964–65.

S: The Great Society was an ambitious series of policy initiatives, legislation and programs with the main goals of ending poverty, reducing crime, abolishing inequality and improving the environment.

Question 14

Department of Homeland Security

Answer 14

D: a cabinet department of the U.S. federal government with responsibilities in public security.

S: The Federal Department Homeland Security and Homeland Defense includes 187 federal agencies and departments, including the National Guard of the United States, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the United States Coast Guard.

Question 15

Cabinet Departments

Answer 15

D: a department or other government agency that directly supports the work of the government’s central executive office

S: The Cabinet was established in Article II, Section 2 of the United States Constitution to provide a source of key advisors to the President.

Question 16

independent executive agencies

Answer 16

D: exist outside the federal executive departments (those headed by a Cabinet secretary) and the Executive Office of the President

S: Independent executive agencies include the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).

Question 17

independent regulatory commission

Answer 17

D: federal agencies created by an act of Congress that are independent of the executive departments.

S: An example of an independent regulatory commission is the FDA, whose mission is to promote public health by regulating the production, distribution, and consumption of food and drugs.

Question 18

government corporations

Answer 18

D: a company that is owned by the government and operates with the same independence of a private business, except that the owner is the government.

S: For example, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are examples of government corporations.

Question 19

Hatch Act

Answer 19

D: prohibits employees in the executive branch from engaging in some forms of political activity

S: At the very least, someone found guilty by the Merit Systems Protection Board could receive a letter of reprimand or a fine, if they violated the Hatch Act

Question 20

implementation

Answer 20

D: the process of putting a law into practice through bureaucratic rules or spending.

S: Implementation is the carrying out, execution, or practice of a plan, a method, or any design, idea, model, specification, standard or policy for doing something.

Question 21

iron triangle

Answer 21

D: a unique relationship between bureaucracy, congressmen, and lobbyists that results in the mutual benefit of all three of them.

S: The iron triangle helps create policy in the United States and all 3 parts want to protect their own self interests.

Question 22

issue networks

Answer 22

D: an alliance of various interest groups and individuals who unite in order to promote a common cause or agenda in a way that influences government policy

S: In the U.S, the most common tactic of effective issue networks is the role they play in what is called Iron Triangles.

Question 23

interagency councils

Answer 23

D: working groups created to facilitate coordination of policy-making and implementation across a host of governmental agencies.

S: The United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) is an independent federal agency within the U.S. executive branch.

Question 24

policy coordinating committees

Answer 24

D: Subcabinet-level committees created to facilitate interactions between agencies and departments

S: President Bush reorganized the NSC (National Security Committee) system to include a Principals Committee, Deputies Committee, and eight Policy Coordinating Committees.

Question 25

administrative discretion

Answer 25

D: refers to the flexible exercising of judgment and decision making allowed to public administrators.

S: A public official has administrative discretion when he or she has the freedom to make a choice among potential courses of action.

Question 26

rule making

Answer 26

D: a quasi-legislative administrative process that produces regulations by government agencies

S: Rule-making is the process that executive and independent agencies use to create, or promulgate, regulations.

Question 27

regulations

Answer 27

D: a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority.

S: Some in the market now want government regulation in order to reduce costs.

Question 28

Federal Register

Answer 28

D: a daily publication of the US federal government that issues proposed and final administrative regulations of federal agencies.

S: Each day Federal agencies publish documents in the Federal Register, including proposed rules, final rules, public notices, and Presidential actions.

Question 29

administrative adjudication

Answer 29

D: the process by which an administrative agency issues an affirmative, negative, injunctive, or declaratory order.

S: Administrative adjudication has grown both at the federal and state level. At the federal level, for example, adjudication takes the form of a trial.