Chapter 5

Question 1

equal rights amendment

Answer 1

a proposed amendment to the US Constitution stating that civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one’s sex.

Question 2

fifteenth amendment

Answer 2

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Question 3

fourteenth amendment

Answer 3

All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.

Question 4

Frederick Douglass

Answer 4

an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman.

Question 5

grandfather clause

Answer 5

a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.

Question 6

Harriet Tubman

Answer 6

an American abolitionist and political activist.

Question 7

Harry S. Truman

Answer 7

he 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president.

Question 8

intermediate standard of review

Answer 8

a test used in some contexts to determine the constitutionality of a law.

Question 9

Jim Crow laws

Answer 9

state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Question 10

John F. Kennedy

Answer 10

an American politician and journalist who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.

Question 11

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)

Answer 11

a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship.

Question 12

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Answer 12

a landmark civil rights case by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.

Question 13

League of United Latin America Citizens (LULAC)

Answer 13

the oldest surviving Latino civil rights organization in the U.S.

Question 14

LGBT community

Answer 14

a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, LGBT organizations, and subcultures, united by a common culture and social movements.

Question 15

Lucretia Mott

Answer 15

a U.S. Quaker, abolitionist, women’s rights activist, and social reformer.

Question 16

Martin Luther King Jr.

Answer 16

an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.

Question 17

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)

Answer 17

a national non-profit civil rights organization formed in 1968 to protect the rights of Latinos in the United States.

Question 18

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Answer 18

an organization formed on February 18, 1890 to advocate in favor of women’s suffrage in the United States

Question 19

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Answer 19

a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans

Question 20

NAACP Legal Defense and Educated Fund (LDF)

Answer 20

a leading United States civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.

Question 21

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Answer 21

an American feminist organization founded in 1966. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C.

Question 22

National Women’s Party (NWP)

Answer 22

an American women’s political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women’s suffrage.

Question 23

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 23

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Question 24

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Answer 24

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Question 25

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Answer 25

a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896.

Question 26

poll tax

Answer 26

a tax levied on every adult, without reference to income or resources.

Question 27

Progressive Era (1890-1920)

Answer 27

a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s.

Question 28

rational basis standard of review

Answer 28

the normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 29

Rosa Parks

Answer 29

an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott.

Question 30

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 30

the first women’s rights convention.

Question 31

separate but equal doctrine

Answer 31

a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equal protection” under the law to all people.

Question 32

standards of review

Answer 32

the amount of deference given by one court (or some other appellate tribunal) in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal.

Question 33

strict scrutiny

Answer 33

a form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws.

Question 34

suffrage movement

Answer 34

women worked for broad-based economic and political equality and for social reforms, and sought to change voting laws in order to allow them to vote.

Question 35

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 35

an American social reformer and women’s rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women’s suffrage movement.

Question 36

suspect classifications

Answer 36

any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination.

Question 37

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 37

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Question 38

Title IX

Answer 38

a federal civil rights law in the United States of America that was passed as part of the Education Amendments of 1972.

Question 39

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 39

an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991.

Question 40

United States v. Windsor (2013)

Answer 40

a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of “marriage” and “spouse” to apply only to opposite-sex unions.