Chapter 8 Flashcards
SRY gene
This gene codes for a transcription factor that binds to regulatory DNA. At about 5 weeks gestation, it turns on genes that start the production of other proteins responsible for the development of gonads into testes.
Anti-mullerian hormone
A hormone produced in the testes during the prenatal development which causes the deterioration of the Müllerian ducts.
Androgens
Male hormones, produced in the testes that contribute to the development of male reproductive organs and may affect some aspects of brain development.
Mullerian duct
Prenatal structures that can develop into Fallopian tubes, a uterus and part of the vagina. They are destroyed by anti-mullerian hormones in male fetuses.
Wolffian duct
Prenatal structures. In males, high levels of androgens stimulate these ducts to develop into male reproductive structures, such as seminal vesicles. In females, these ducts deteriorate.
Genital tubercle
A prenatal structure. In males, it becomes the penis as a result of effects of circulating androgens. In females is becomes the clitoris.
X-linked recessive disorders
A class of genetic disorders that are carried on the X chromosome and are recessive. They are more likely to affect males who do not have a matching chromosome that might have the corresponding normal gene.
Gender identity
The awareness of one’s own gender assignment and understanding of its meaning.
Gender stability
The understanding that over time, one’s gender category stays the same: boys become men and girls become women.
Gender constancy
Recognizing the permanency of one’s gender category membership and understanding that it could never change.
Gender atypical
Individuals who have either ambitious genitalia or genitalia that is inconsistent with their sex-chromosomes.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
A gender-atypical condition in which biological females with 2 X chromosomes are exposed to high leveled of androgens during prenatal and postnatal development
Intersex
1 or more categories of gender identity along a continuum from “male” to “female”, based on subtle physical variations in internal and external reproductive organs, sex chromosomes, and hormones.
Meta-analysis
An analytic tool for assessing the effects of variables in which data from a large # of studies on the same topics are analyzed together to determine which effects are consistent across studies and why the strength of those effects are.
Borderwork
Interactions between boys and girls during middle childhood when there appear to be unwritten rules governing when and how the two genders will interact.
Rough-and-tumble play
Good-natured physical roughness that is almost exclusive property of boys’ play with boys.
Collaborative or affiliative speech
More often used with girls, in which children’s responses are keyed to what someone else has said, expressing agreement or making further suggestions, often in the form of a question rather than declarative or imperative sentences.
Domineering or power assertiveness speech
Discourse containing many commands and restrictions. Tends to be “egotistic”, ignoring others’ remarks, and often includes threats and interruptions, more typical of males than females.
Tomboyism
A trait girls exhibit when they prefer to play with boys and prefer boys’ toys and activities.
Self-socialization
Actively seeking to make one’s behavior consistent with his or her gender identity without needing social pressure to do so. Fosters gender role development.
Gender intensification hypothesis
Suggests that 1 way young teens cope with the demand of establishing an adult identity is to fall back on stereotyped notions of masculinity or femininity.
Gender schema
A network of ideas and expectations of male and female beliefs about male and female characteristics that affect what we pay attention to, interpret, and remember about events
Social dosage effect
The more time children spend in same-gender groups the more gender-typical behaviors they exhibit.
Social skills
Discrete, observable behaviors, using appropriate language, asking appropriate questions, and so forth, which promote effective social interaction
Dyads
A social unit or “group” that consists of 2 people.
Cliques
Voluntary social or friendship groups 3-9 members characterizing children in early to midadolescence
Crowds
Large, reputation-based, groups, composed of numerous cliques that form in early to midadolescence
Degrouping
A general decline in the importance of cliques over the course of high school years.
Sociometry
How to assess social competence and determining the kinds of categories that describes children’s status within peer groups.
Social preference
Adding the total # of positive nominations a child receives from their peers, which indicates the degree to which a child is positively viewed by their social group.
Social impact
Adding the total # of nominations a child receives from their peers, both positive and negative, which indicates the degree to which a child gets noticed within their group.
Popular
Children who receive many positive nominations and few negative nominations from their peers.
Average
Children who receive an average number of positive and negative nominations from their peers
Neglected
Children who receive few nominations, either positive or negative, from their peers.
Rejected
Children who receive many negative nominations and few positive nominations from their peers.
Controversial
A relatively small group of children who receive many positive and negative nominations from peers
Rejected-aggressiveness
Children who are rejected because they aggress against their peers.
Rejected-withdrawal
Children who are rejected because they withdraw from their peers.
Homophily
A degree of similarity among members of a peer group on behavior or attitudinal attribute or importance
Influence
The process by which a peer group can cause an individual to conform to the norms of the group.
Selection
The process by which individuals choose to affiliate with others who share similar behaviors or attributes.
Confirmation bias
When a child’s peers have already developed schemas or constructions for them that are built on their social reputation. The interactions that follow are marked by attention to evidence that confirms the target’s characteristics
Describe a rejected child
They’re typically disliked but have generally high social impact
Describe a neglected child
Characterized by their low level of social impact
What are the 5 sociometric categories?
- Controversial
- Rejected
- Neglected
- Average
- Popular
Describe a popular child
Popular children are generally well-liked members of the group and have relatively high visibility among their peers.
What are the two types of sociometric measures?
- Social impact
2. Social preference
What are the 3 prenatal structures present in both males and female fetuses?
- Genital tubercle
- Wolffian-ducts
- Mullerian-ducts
What is the ratio for fertilized eggs become males vs females?
170 to 100
What is the birth ratio for men to women?
105-100
Which gender is less likely to survive the prenatal stage?
Males
By what age do children know something about gender-related preferences for toys and activities?
By age 3
What are the three variables that shape the development of gender roles?
- Personal influence
- Behavioral influence
- Environmental influence
Why do cliques form? (2 reasons)
- The need to establish an identity
2. The need for acceptance and belonging
Where is the SRY gene located?
The Y chromosome
