Chapter 4 Flashcards
Phineas gage matrix
Syndrome related to injury of the frontal cortex. Consists of cognitive dysfunction and emotions problems
Emotional intelligence
The ability to perceive emotions, identify and understand their meaning, integrate them with other kinds of cognition, and to manage them.
Basic emotions
The core affects that have old neurobiological underpinnings. They include joy/happiness, interest, sadness, anger, disgust, and fear.
Differential emotions theory (DET)
Facial expressions in infants are the direct manifestation of underlying neural processes related to the emotion expressed
Emotion schemas
Mental experience that includes feelings, memories, thoughts, images, and noncognitive elements like, hormonal shifts that interact with and may amplify a basic emotional experience
Self-conscious emotions
Emotions that require self-awareness, and are directly relevant to the self. These emotions require more cognitive capacity than basic emotions and they don’t emerge until the the second year of your life.
Synchrony
Infant-adult interactions are often characterized by this repetitive-rhythmic organization. Nonverbal behaviors occur in a patterned, temporally coordinated sequence.
Still-faced paradigm
A research technique for assessing infant coping strategies. The infant is seated facing the mother who is instructed to interact in normally pleasant behaviors at first and then is asked to be completely unresponsive or withdrawn
Other-directed coping behaviors
Efforts to deal with stress that appear to be aimed at changing the behaviors of others, such as when infants use facial expressions, movements, and verbalizations that seem designed to get a caregiver to respond positively in an interaction.
Self-directed coping behaviors
Efforts to deal with stress that appear to be aimed at self comfort.
Social referencing
A baby’s adjustment of its reactions to objects or events based on feedback provided by a caregiver.
Basic trust
An infant’s ability to see others as dependable and trustworthy as a result of caregiving that is timely, sensitive to the infant’s need, and consistently available.
Attachment theory
The infant and his primary caregiver participate in an interactive system that evolved to keep the infant safe. As the infant changes cognitively and emotionally, an affection bond with the caregiver emerges in stages.
Ethnologists
Biologists who do careful observations of animal behavior in natural environments.
Separation anxiety
Distress of an infant or young child when a primary caregiver leaves the child in someone else’s care.
Stranger anxiety
The tendency of an infant or young child to be wary of strangers and seek the comfort and protections of the primary caregiver when a stranger is present.
Proximity maintenance
Bonds between infant and caregiver encourage and sustain physical closeness.
Secure base
The bond between infant and caregiver provides the infant a protective resource as they develop and learn
Safe haven
Bonds between the infant and caregiver make the caregiver a source of comfort when distressed
Working models
An individual’s mental representation of self, other, and relationships, which serves as a prototype of social functioning and affects the individual’s expectations and behaviors in future relationships.
Strange situation test
Infants and their caregivers are brought to a room where the child experiences 8 three-minute episodes, each one introducing changes in the social situation. The babies willingness to explore the toys and his reactions to his mother and the strangers are observed.
Securely attached
Babies who typically show distress on separation from the mother in the strange situation test, but greet her happily on her return.
Anxious ambivalent
Babies who show a great deal of distress on separation from their mothers, and may act angry when reunited with the mother, alternately approaching and resisting her. Rarely return to exploration after a separation.
Avoidant babies
Babies who typically fail to cry when separated from their mothers in a strange situation test. They actively avoid or ignore her.
Disorganized-disoriented
Babies who produce contradictory and even bizarre behaviors in the strange situation test, showing both an inclination to approach the mother when stressed and tendency to avoid her when she approaches.
Oxytocin
A neuropeptide hormone that facilitates social bonding.
Temperaments
The usual emotional and behavioral characteristics of a given individual.
Fearfulness or reactivity
In infants, proneness to crying or pulling away from new sensory stimuli
Irritability or negative emotionality
The infant’s tendency to cry, squirm, and otherwise react with fussiness to negative or frustrating events
Activity level
The intensity and quantity of movement an individual displays
Positive affect
Tendency to express happy mood states by smiling and laughing especially to social stimuli
Attention-persistence
Length of uninterrupted orienting or attention to a single activity and tendency to return to a task after interruption
Rhythmicity
The predictability of an individual’s sleep, feeding, elimination, and other biological cycles.
Behavioral inhibition
A tendency toward shyness, manifested as avoidance or distress in new situations. Linked to high reactivity in early infancy.
Difficult babies
These babies are irritable, fearful, active, display low levels of positive affect, are irregular in biological rhythms, and so on, making them more challenging than other babies
Easy babies
These babies are placid, not very active, show positive affect, and are regular in their rhythms, making them easier to care for than other babies.
Slow-to-warm-up babies
These babies are like easy babies in most ways, but they are like difficult babies in their fearfulness, showing more wariness in new situations than other babies.
Genetic vulnerability
A physiological makeup that makes an individual more prone to the negative effects of unsupportive parenting or stress than other people
Differential susceptibility
More likely to be affected by environmental influences than other people.
Goodness of fit model
When adults provide care that is adjusted to the temperament of the child.
Adult attachment inventory (AAI)
A structured interview in which adults describe their memories of the parenting they received and their evaluation of whether and how that parenting influenced their own behavior.
Intergenerational transmission
When parents repeat with their children they patterns of trauma, rejection, and maltreatment that they experienced as children from their own parents.
Reactive attachment disorder
A lack of ability to form affectional bonds with other people and a pattern of markedly disturbed relationships.
What are the types of cognitive dysfunctions that come with Phineas Gage matrix? (4)
- Poor-planning
- Inadequate decision-making
- Inability to take another’s perspective
- Problems in sustaining employment
What are the emotional problems that come with Phineas gage matrix? (4)
- Shallow affect
- Lack of an enriched emotional life
- Lack of passion and initiative
- A diminished sense of pleasure and pain
What are the self-conscious emotions? (4)
- Pride
- Shame
- Embarrassment
- Guilt
self-directed coping behaviors in infants
Looking away from the source of distress or self-stimulating behavior, such as rocking or sucking
According to the attachment theory, when is a full-fledged bond made between caregiver and infant?
7-8 months
When does separation anxiety begin to emerge?
In the second half of the first year. Demonstrating the infant’s capacity to recall the absent caregiver
When does stranger anxiety begin to intensify?
Can be present in early infancy, but intensifies at about 8 months when separation anxiety begins.
What are the three purposes of the attachment system?
- Proximity maintenance
- Secure base
- Safe haven
What are the 5 aspects of infant temperament?
- Activity level
- Rhythmicity
- Attention persistence
- Positive affect
- Irritability or negative emotionality
The 4 styles of attachment
- Autonomous
- Dismissing
- Preoccupied
- Unresolved
What can cause a person to have reactive attachment disorder?
When a child receives grossly neglectful or pathological care in the early years
What are the three temperament types described by Thomas and Chess?
- Easy babies
- Difficult babies
- Slow-to-warm-up babies
What are the three aspects of the self-system?
- Self-concept
- Self-regulation
- Self-esteem
The 4 types of attachment patterns
- Securely attached
- Anxious-Ambivalent
- Avoidant
- Disorganized-Disoriented
Neglectful (withdrawn) caregiver
Typical show a pattern of under-stimulation marked by reduced eye-contact, infrequent holding, non responsiveness, less positive and more negative affect.
Intrusive (over-stimulating) caregivers
Display more anger, irritability, coerciveness, and poorly times responses. They fail to take their cures front the baby and often interfere with infant exploration.
