Chapter 5 Flashcards
Self-system
A term currently used in place of the “self”. Includes multiple aspects of the self.
“I-self” or self-as-subject
The part of the self that is an active agent or is the knower. Experiences a sense of self-awareness
“Me-self” or self-concept
The known part of the self that is the object of one’s own or others’ observation
Self-esteem
A person’s evaluation of their attributes or the positive/negative valence associated with those attributes. Depends on the # of successes we enjoy relative to our goals.
Looking-glass self
A self-concept that develops from the reflected appraisals of others, primarily attached figures.
Pre-self
An infant’s early inklings of the permanence of her body, it’s separateness from others, and the rhythms of interpersonal connections
Representation of interactions (RIGs)
A kind of sensorimotor or procedural memory or expectation that infants form of how interactions with others are likely to proceed.
Social referencing
A baby’s adjustment if it’s reactions to objects or events based on feedback provided by a caregiver.
Self-recognition
Awareness of self, usually manifested by the individual’s display of self-directed behavior on viewing their own reflection.
Self-control or behavior regulation
Ability to stop the self from performing a proscribed act to make the self perform an act that is not appealing or attractive in itself.
Self-regulation
The ability to prevent oneself from making a dominant, preferred, or automatic response in order to perform a nondominant response.
Socialize
To limit some behaviors of the child while demanding others, so that the child will be safe and they will learn the standards of their culture and behave in ways that are conventionally acceptable
Discipline
The tendency of parents to limit or demand behavior by exerting or requiring control
Warmth dimension( parental responsiveness)
The degree to which parents create a positive emotional climate for their children.
Child centered
Describes caregivers who set aside their own needs to meet a child’s developmental needs
Parent centered
Describes parents whose interactions with their children are driven by parental needs. Parents with this approach may make hostile attributions when children’s needs are out of line with their own
Control dimension (parental demandingness)
The degree to which parents impose discipline, requiring their children to curb some of their own behaviors and to perform other behaviors that are suitable to their level of maturity
Maturity demands
Parents requirements that children perform behaviors that are suitable to their level of maturity
Authoritative style
A parenting style that combines high levels of warmth with moderate levels of control or demandingness. Associated with positive child outcomes
Authoritarian style
A parenting style that combines low levels of warmth with high levels of control. Associated with negative emotional tone, poor social skills, and other negative outcomes for the child
Permissive style
A parenting style that combines moderate to high levels of warmth with low levels of control. Associated with impulsive behavior and low levels of self-reliance in children
Neglecting-uninvolved style
A parenting style that combines low levels of warmth and low levels of control, so that parents invest very little time or attention to the child.
Externalizing problems
Problem behavior that involves engaging in inappropriate conduct, especially aggressive acts
Internalizing problems
Problem behavior that involves negative feelings about self and other symptoms of depression
Method of control
A technique that parents use to enforce control of their children’s behavior.
Power assertion
Can involved physical punishment or the threat of physical punishment, or it can include withdrawal of privilege.
Love withdrawal
Involves parents withdrawing attention or affection, expressing disappointment or disillusionment with a child turning away from a child, cutting off verbal or emotional contacts or enforcing separation
Induction
Involves use of explanation, giving reasons for rules and appealing to children’s desires to be grown-up.
Differential susceptibility
Some physiological makeups can make an individual more likely to be affected by environmental influences than other people.
Internalization
The process by which children adopt adult’s standards and rules as their own
Conscience
An internalized slate of standards and principles that constitutes a person’s primary guide to action. May cause feelings of discomfort or distress when the violation of a rule is contemplated or carried out.
Anxious arousal
A state that children are thought to experience when parents discipline them. Mild forms help a child pay attention to the parent’s socialization message, but more intense arousal attracts the child’s attention to other concerns, like their own fear.
Minimum sufficiency principle
Long-term internalization of rules in children is best facilitated by mind power assertion, rather than harsh assertion.
Commited compliance
Describes toddler’s eager and enthusiastic willingness to go along with parental requests. Predicts measures of internalization and conscience in the later preschool period.
Compulsive caregiving
Describes a behavioral pattern in which children take emotional care of their parents.
Compulsive self-sufficiency
Describes a behavioral pattern in which children appear very self-possessed, perhaps related to experiences of shaming for expressions of dependency or needs for closeness.
Negative reinforcement
Withdrawal of an aversive experience, which serves as a rewarding consequence of a behavior.
ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)
A disorder that is characterized by 1 or more of a cluster of symptoms. Poor attentional control, restless hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Contingency management system
Presenting and withdrawing reinforcers and punishments in a systematic and consistent way to effect behavioral change.
What are the 3 primary methods of control?
- Power assertion
- Love withdrawal
- Induction
What are the 4 types of parenting styles?
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian
- Passive
- Neglecting-uninvolved
What are the pros and cons of power assertion?
Pros: Effective for immediate control of behavior
Cons: over the long term, children show higher levels of anger, aggressiveness, and anxiety.
What are the pros and cons of love withdrawal?
Pros: elicits immediate compliance
Cons: generates high anxiety
What are the pros and cons of inductions?
Pros: promotes internalizations of rules
Cons: none
When is self-recognition universally acquired in infants?
Late in the 2nd year of life.
By what age can children identify their race, ethnicity, and skin color?
3
When do children begin to develop self-conscious emotions?
Between the ages of 2 and 3
Generally higher rates of authoritarian parenting practices are found among what three type of Americans?
African, Asian, and Hispanic Americans
