Chapter 5

Question 1

Self-system

Answer 1

A term currently used in place of the “self”. Includes multiple aspects of the self.

Question 2

“I-self” or self-as-subject

Answer 2

The part of the self that is an active agent or is the knower. Experiences a sense of self-awareness

Question 3

“Me-self” or self-concept

Answer 3

The known part of the self that is the object of one’s own or others’ observation

Question 4

Self-esteem

Answer 4

A person’s evaluation of their attributes or the positive/negative valence associated with those attributes. Depends on the # of successes we enjoy relative to our goals.

Question 5

Looking-glass self

Answer 5

A self-concept that develops from the reflected appraisals of others, primarily attached figures.

Question 6

Pre-self

Answer 6

An infant’s early inklings of the permanence of her body, it’s separateness from others, and the rhythms of interpersonal connections

Question 7

Representation of interactions (RIGs)

Answer 7

A kind of sensorimotor or procedural memory or expectation that infants form of how interactions with others are likely to proceed.

Question 8

Social referencing

Answer 8

A baby’s adjustment if it’s reactions to objects or events based on feedback provided by a caregiver.

Question 9

Self-recognition

Answer 9

Awareness of self, usually manifested by the individual’s display of self-directed behavior on viewing their own reflection.

Question 10

Self-control or behavior regulation

Answer 10

Ability to stop the self from performing a proscribed act to make the self perform an act that is not appealing or attractive in itself.

Question 11

Self-regulation

Answer 11

The ability to prevent oneself from making a dominant, preferred, or automatic response in order to perform a nondominant response.

Question 12

Socialize

Answer 12

To limit some behaviors of the child while demanding others, so that the child will be safe and they will learn the standards of their culture and behave in ways that are conventionally acceptable

Question 13

Discipline

Answer 13

The tendency of parents to limit or demand behavior by exerting or requiring control

Question 14

Warmth dimension( parental responsiveness)

Answer 14

The degree to which parents create a positive emotional climate for their children.

Question 15

Child centered

Answer 15

Describes caregivers who set aside their own needs to meet a child’s developmental needs

Question 16

Parent centered

Answer 16

Describes parents whose interactions with their children are driven by parental needs. Parents with this approach may make hostile attributions when children’s needs are out of line with their own

Question 17

Control dimension (parental demandingness)

Answer 17

The degree to which parents impose discipline, requiring their children to curb some of their own behaviors and to perform other behaviors that are suitable to their level of maturity

Question 18

Maturity demands

Answer 18

Parents requirements that children perform behaviors that are suitable to their level of maturity

Question 19

Authoritative style

Answer 19

A parenting style that combines high levels of warmth with moderate levels of control or demandingness. Associated with positive child outcomes

Question 20

Authoritarian style

Answer 20

A parenting style that combines low levels of warmth with high levels of control. Associated with negative emotional tone, poor social skills, and other negative outcomes for the child

Question 21

Permissive style

Answer 21

A parenting style that combines moderate to high levels of warmth with low levels of control. Associated with impulsive behavior and low levels of self-reliance in children

Question 22

Neglecting-uninvolved style

Answer 22

A parenting style that combines low levels of warmth and low levels of control, so that parents invest very little time or attention to the child.

Question 23

Externalizing problems

Answer 23

Problem behavior that involves engaging in inappropriate conduct, especially aggressive acts

Question 24

Internalizing problems

Answer 24

Problem behavior that involves negative feelings about self and other symptoms of depression

Question 25

Method of control

Answer 25

A technique that parents use to enforce control of their children’s behavior.

Question 26

Power assertion

Answer 26

Can involved physical punishment or the threat of physical punishment, or it can include withdrawal of privilege.

Question 27

Love withdrawal

Answer 27

Involves parents withdrawing attention or affection, expressing disappointment or disillusionment with a child turning away from a child, cutting off verbal or emotional contacts or enforcing separation

Question 28

Induction

Answer 28

Involves use of explanation, giving reasons for rules and appealing to children’s desires to be grown-up.

Question 29

Differential susceptibility

Answer 29

Some physiological makeups can make an individual more likely to be affected by environmental influences than other people.

Question 30

Internalization

Answer 30

The process by which children adopt adult’s standards and rules as their own

Question 31

Conscience

Answer 31

An internalized slate of standards and principles that constitutes a person’s primary guide to action. May cause feelings of discomfort or distress when the violation of a rule is contemplated or carried out.

Question 32

Anxious arousal

Answer 32

A state that children are thought to experience when parents discipline them. Mild forms help a child pay attention to the parent’s socialization message, but more intense arousal attracts the child’s attention to other concerns, like their own fear.

Question 33

Minimum sufficiency principle

Answer 33

Long-term internalization of rules in children is best facilitated by mind power assertion, rather than harsh assertion.

Question 34

Commited compliance

Answer 34

Describes toddler’s eager and enthusiastic willingness to go along with parental requests. Predicts measures of internalization and conscience in the later preschool period.

Question 35

Compulsive caregiving

Answer 35

Describes a behavioral pattern in which children take emotional care of their parents.

Question 36

Compulsive self-sufficiency

Answer 36

Describes a behavioral pattern in which children appear very self-possessed, perhaps related to experiences of shaming for expressions of dependency or needs for closeness.

Question 37

Negative reinforcement

Answer 37

Withdrawal of an aversive experience, which serves as a rewarding consequence of a behavior.

Question 38

ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)

Answer 38

A disorder that is characterized by 1 or more of a cluster of symptoms. Poor attentional control, restless hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Question 39

Contingency management system

Answer 39

Presenting and withdrawing reinforcers and punishments in a systematic and consistent way to effect behavioral change.

Question 40

What are the 3 primary methods of control?

Answer 40

1. Power assertion
2. Love withdrawal
3. Induction

Question 41

What are the 4 types of parenting styles?

Answer 41

1. Authoritative
2. Authoritarian
3. Passive
4. Neglecting-uninvolved

Question 42

What are the pros and cons of power assertion?

Answer 42

Pros: Effective for immediate control of behavior
Cons: over the long term, children show higher levels of anger, aggressiveness, and anxiety.

Question 43

What are the pros and cons of love withdrawal?

Answer 43

Pros: elicits immediate compliance
Cons: generates high anxiety

Question 44

What are the pros and cons of inductions?

Answer 44

Pros: promotes internalizations of rules
Cons: none

Question 45

When is self-recognition universally acquired in infants?

Answer 45

Late in the 2nd year of life.

Question 46

By what age can children identify their race, ethnicity, and skin color?

Answer 46

3

Question 47

When do children begin to develop self-conscious emotions?

Answer 47

Between the ages of 2 and 3

Question 48

Generally higher rates of authoritarian parenting practices are found among what three type of Americans?

Answer 48

African, Asian, and Hispanic Americans