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Human Development > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ovum

A

Reproductive egg cell

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

Strands of DNA found in every cell of the body. the source of biological inheritance

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jelly like substance that fills a cell between its outer membrane and it’s nucleus

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4
Q

Zygote

A

An ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm and now contains 46 chromosomes.

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5
Q

Autosomes

A

The 22 of 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans that are matched. (They look and function alike)

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6
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

The 23rd pair of chromosomes that play a major role in sex determination

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7
Q

X chromosomes

A

The female sex chromosomes

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8
Q

Y chromosomes

A

The male sex chromosome

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9
Q

Karyotypes

A

A display of the actual chromosomes from human body cells, photographed under a microscope and laid out in matching pairs

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

A kind of cell division that produces two new cells identical to the original cells

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11
Q

Implantation

A

When a zygote goes down the Fallopian tube and attaches itself to the uterine lining

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12
Q

Embryo

A

A zygote attaches to the uterine wall

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13
Q

Epigenesis

A

The control of genetic expression by both regulatory DNA and environmental factors

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14
Q

Epigenome

A

The full set of factors that controls the expression of coded genomes

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15
Q

Epigenetic model

A

Development is the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Development is bidirectional with biology influencing the environment and vise versa

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16
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA, an organic chemical that make up chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell

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17
Q

Histones

A

Protein that combines long strands of DNA

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18
Q

Genes

A

“coded” sections of DNA

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19
Q

Proteins

A

The chemical building blocks of the body that are made when cells follow the codes provided by genes

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20
Q

Transcription

A

translating the code specified by a gene into the production of protein.

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21
Q

Transcription factor

A

Chemicals in cells that bind with the regulatory portions of DNA, initiating the uncoiling of strands of DNA and allowing mRNA production to begin

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22
Q

Messenger ribonucleic acid

A

mRNA. The organic compound that cells synthesize by copying strands of DNA. The RNA serves as a messenger to the cell from the gene, giving the cell’s construction of protein

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23
Q

The four bases of DNA

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. ACGT

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24
Q

Translation

A

When a cell “reads” the mRNA code and produces a protoprotein.

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25
Q

Gene expression

A

The process by which DNA information is transmitted and translated to cells.

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26
Q

Noncoded genes

A

Sections of intergenic DNA that do not code for protein production. They function for gene regulation

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27
Q

Gene regulation

A

The process of either initiating or preventing a gene’s transcription.

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28
Q

Receptor

A

A chemical that binds to a transcription factor and allows the factor to then bind with a regulatory portion of DNA to begin the transcription of a gene

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29
Q

Methylation

A

The addition of a methyl group to DNA, ether to the coded gene or to regulatory DNA.

30
Q

Demethylation

A

When a methyl group detach from DNA.

31
Q

Cross-fostering study

A

Research separating animals from their biological mothers to be reared by mothers with different genetics or behavioral characteristics.

32
Q

Genotype

A

The full complement of an organism’s genes

33
Q

Phenotypes

A

Physical and behavioral traits

34
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Twins who develop from a single zygote and have exactly the same genotype.

35
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Twins who develop from two separate zygotes.

36
Q

Concordance

A

Similarity between members of a pair of twins

37
Q

Discordance

A

Differences between members of a pair of twins

38
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene

39
Q

Codominance

A

A relationship between two alleles of the same gene in which neither allele is suppressed, producing a blended outcome

40
Q

Polygenic

A

traits affected by the products of multiple gene pairs, often located on different chromosomes, so that any one pair of gene alleles has only a limited affect on a given trait

41
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

A process in which some gene alleles in the sperm or the ovum are deactivated. Imprinted gene alleles do not influence the phenotype of the offspring.

42
Q

Period of zygote

A

About 2 weeks. From fertilization to implantation.

43
Q

Period of the embryo

A

3rd to 8th week. When most of the body’s organ systems and structures are forming.

44
Q

Period of the fetus

A

From the 9th week until birth. When the reproductive system forms, gains in body weight occur, and the brain and nervous system continue to develop dramatically.

45
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

When red blood cells are abnormally shaped and aren’t as effective as normal cells in carrying oxygen to the tissues

46
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the chemical structure of an existing gene

47
Q

Progeria

A

A disorder that causes rapid aging

48
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental substances and agents that can harm the developing fetus

49
Q

Placenta

A

An organ that surrounds the fetus, allowing nutrients from the mother’s blood to pass to the fetus’s blood while allowing waste to be removed but the mother’s blood. it keeps the 2 circulatory systems separate

50
Q

No observable effect level

A

The threshold of alcohol ingestion by a pregnant mother above which the fetus will experience some function impairment

51
Q

Neural tube

A

The 1st step in the development of the CNS. Formed when a group of cells from the embryo’s upper surface turn inward and curls into tubes

52
Q

Neurulation

A

The prenatal formation of a neural tube that begins the development of the CNS

53
Q

Glia

A

Supporting cells in the CNS that provide a type of scaffolding for neurons

54
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The human brain’s capacity to change and grow in response to new environmental input.

55
Q

White matter

A

Bundles of myelinated axons

56
Q

Grey matter

A

Bundles of cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated neurons

57
Q

Circuits

A

Series of neurons that are joined via their synaptic connections into groups

58
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons with short projections(axons) that affect other cells relatively close to the circuit of which they are a part

59
Q

Projection neuron

A

Neurons with log projections, especially axons that extend far away from the cell body

60
Q

What are the two main types of neurons in systems of neurons ?

A

Projection neurons and interneurons

61
Q

Nerve growth factor

A

A substance found within the brain that is absorbed by neurons and aids in the process of synapse production.

62
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

The generation of synapses or connections between neurons, usually as a result of the growth of axons and dendrites.

63
Q

Experience-dependent

A

Synaptic growth that occurs as a direct result of exposure to more individualized kinds of environmental events

64
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

The way that organisms respond to threats to their well-being.

65
Q

The three phases of GAS

A

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

66
Q

Allostasis

A

Balance through adaptation. The CNS controls multiple interacting regulatory processes so that the best balance for each specific challenge is found, rather than returning to a fixed set point

67
Q

Allostatic accommodation

A

The process that allows adjustments to be made within a range of possibilities across a variety of systems to suit the circumstances

68
Q

Allostatic load

A

The physiological wear and tear in the body that results from ongoing adaptive efforts to maintain stability in response to stressors

69
Q

Cortisol

A

A hormone, released during the body’s response to stress, that increases blood glucose levels and affects the immune response.

70
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemical messengers of the immune system that can either be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory.

Human Development (8 decks)

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