Chapter 11 Flashcards
Marker events
Events that are used as criteria for adulthood, including graduating, leaving the family home, etc
Youth
A period of time after completing puberty that serves as a transition into adulthood
Emerging adulthood
The timer period from about 18-25, which is characterized by the shift toward increasing independence and autonomy
Globalization
The process by which countries around the world influence one another’s lifestyle, economics, and culture, so that similarities among nations increase along with interaction.
Minority stress
The experience of prejudice and discrimination based on membership in a stigmatized group
Racial crossover effect
African American adolescents are less likely to use illicit substances than white adolescents, but the reverse is true for adults
Young adulthood
The time period from about 18-30 years that is often an extended period of transition involving exploration of potential adult identities
Postformal or fifth-stage thinking
Characterizes by the ability of the problem solver to coordinate contradictory formal operational approaches to the same problem. The postformal thinker can understand the logic of each of the contradictory perspectives into a larger whole.
Acquisition stage
When an individual is sheltered from the majority of life’s responsibilities and can learn a skill or a body of knowledge regardless of whether it has an practical goal or social implications
Ill-defined or Ill-structures problems
Problems faced in adulthood that lack pre-established answers. The “right” answer may be different depending on circumstances and on the perspective of the problem solver
Achieving stage
When a young adult must apply their intellectual skills to the achievement of long-term goals, carefully attempting to the consequences of the problem-solving process
Responsible stage
Ill-defines problems remain the norm, but problems solving must now take into account not only one’s own personal needs and goals but also those of others in one’s life that have become one’s responsibility
Executive stage
A stage that some middle adults experience who take on executive functions at work and in the community that extends beyond the responsible stage.
Reorganizational stage
Stage of early old age, when responsibilities narrow as children grow up and retirements becomes an option. Flexibility in problem solving is needed to create a satisfying, meaningful environment for the rest of life.
Reintegrative stage
The elder years when individuals do not often need to acquire new domains of knowledge or to figure out new ways of applying what they know.
Relativistic thought
Several truth systems exist describing the reality of the same event, and they appear to be logically equivalent
Postskeptical rationalism
When one abandons the empty quest for absolute knowledge in favor of what amounts to a search for arguably good reasons for choosing one belief of course of action over another.
Strict dualism
A rigid adherence to authoritarian views and a childlike division between in-group and out-group. They never questions their belief that authority embodies rightness
Multiplicity (prelegitimate)
An individual’s first encounter with multiplicity, multiple answers. Individuals are confused, but still believe that some “authority” possesses the ultimate truth or right answers
Multiplicity (subordinate)
The individual grudgingly acknowledges the reality and legitimacy of multiple perspectives. They find it difficult to deny that reasonable people can differ in their perspectives of life, and people who hold different views are not so easily dismissed as being wrong
Late multiplicity
Individuals fully realize that even experts differ among themselves in regards to what is true.
Oppositional
Allows individuals to maintain a dualistic either-or structure in their thinking
Relative subordinate
Individuals begin to understand that some opinions are more legitimate than others. The value of perspective is now understood to be related to the supporting arguments and evidence for the position
Contextual relativism
The individual now possesses analytic abilities that allow her to appreciate the merits of diverse perspectives and to find convincing elements in multiple points of views
Commitment foreseen
Thinking incorporates not only respect for diverse ideas and understanding of their rationale, but also the individual’s affirmation of what it is they believe in, all while knowing that reason will never provide absolute proof that their ideas or perspectives are right or better than others
Resolve
Characterizes a state of courageous resolve to continue the work of reflecting on one’s commitments throughout adulthood
Temporizing
What individuals are doing when they delay movement to the next stage of thought development
Retreat
The behavior of individuals who move back to dualistic thinking in times of stress to seek intellectual security of absolute right and wrong.
Escape
The behavior of individuals who revert to relativism when the demands of commitment are too stressful
Reflective judgement
How people analyze elements of a problem and justify their problem solving
“The person who” fallacy
Refuting a well-documented finding by calling knowledge of a person who is an exception
Actuarial prediction
Predicting an individual’s outcome based on group characteristics
Vividness effect
Occurs during decision-making when some salient or vivid facts attract our attention regardless of their actual value as evidence
Bipolar disorder
An affective disorder that is generally characterized by episodes of mania of hypomania, sometimes alternating with episodes of depression
Unipolar disorder
A term used to indicate a clinical course marked by episodes of depression but not mania
Bicultural competence
Having social skills for getting along in both the minority and majority culture “without compromising one’s sense of cultural identity”
Perry’s positions in postformal thought (9)
- Strict dualism
- Multiplicity (prelegitimate)
- Multiplicity (subordinate)
- Late multiplicity
- Contextual relativism
- Commitment foreseen
- Initial commitment
- Multiple commitments
- Resolve
Schaie’s stages of transition to adulthood (7)
- Acquisition stage
- Achieving stage
- Responsible stage
- Executive stage
- Reorganizational stage
- Reintegrative stage
- Legacy-leaving stage
3 qualifications for adulthood
- Take responsibility for your own actions
- Make independent decisions
- Become financially independent
Kitchener says that different stages of thinking can be differentiated on the basis of three dimensions
- Certainty of knowledge
- Process used to acquire knowledge
- Kind of evidence used to justify one’s judgement
