Chapter 11

Question 1

Marker events

Answer 1

Events that are used as criteria for adulthood, including graduating, leaving the family home, etc

Question 2

Youth

Answer 2

A period of time after completing puberty that serves as a transition into adulthood

Question 3

Emerging adulthood

Answer 3

The timer period from about 18-25, which is characterized by the shift toward increasing independence and autonomy

Question 4

Globalization

Answer 4

The process by which countries around the world influence one another’s lifestyle, economics, and culture, so that similarities among nations increase along with interaction.

Question 5

Minority stress

Answer 5

The experience of prejudice and discrimination based on membership in a stigmatized group

Question 6

Racial crossover effect

Answer 6

African American adolescents are less likely to use illicit substances than white adolescents, but the reverse is true for adults

Question 7

Young adulthood

Answer 7

The time period from about 18-30 years that is often an extended period of transition involving exploration of potential adult identities

Question 8

Postformal or fifth-stage thinking

Answer 8

Characterizes by the ability of the problem solver to coordinate contradictory formal operational approaches to the same problem. The postformal thinker can understand the logic of each of the contradictory perspectives into a larger whole.

Question 9

Acquisition stage

Answer 9

When an individual is sheltered from the majority of life’s responsibilities and can learn a skill or a body of knowledge regardless of whether it has an practical goal or social implications

Question 10

Ill-defined or Ill-structures problems

Answer 10

Problems faced in adulthood that lack pre-established answers. The “right” answer may be different depending on circumstances and on the perspective of the problem solver

Question 11

Achieving stage

Answer 11

When a young adult must apply their intellectual skills to the achievement of long-term goals, carefully attempting to the consequences of the problem-solving process

Question 12

Responsible stage

Answer 12

Ill-defines problems remain the norm, but problems solving must now take into account not only one’s own personal needs and goals but also those of others in one’s life that have become one’s responsibility

Question 13

Executive stage

Answer 13

A stage that some middle adults experience who take on executive functions at work and in the community that extends beyond the responsible stage.

Question 14

Reorganizational stage

Answer 14

Stage of early old age, when responsibilities narrow as children grow up and retirements becomes an option. Flexibility in problem solving is needed to create a satisfying, meaningful environment for the rest of life.

Question 15

Reintegrative stage

Answer 15

The elder years when individuals do not often need to acquire new domains of knowledge or to figure out new ways of applying what they know.

Question 16

Relativistic thought

Answer 16

Several truth systems exist describing the reality of the same event, and they appear to be logically equivalent

Question 17

Postskeptical rationalism

Answer 17

When one abandons the empty quest for absolute knowledge in favor of what amounts to a search for arguably good reasons for choosing one belief of course of action over another.

Question 18

Strict dualism

Answer 18

A rigid adherence to authoritarian views and a childlike division between in-group and out-group. They never questions their belief that authority embodies rightness

Question 19

Multiplicity (prelegitimate)

Answer 19

An individual’s first encounter with multiplicity, multiple answers. Individuals are confused, but still believe that some “authority” possesses the ultimate truth or right answers

Question 20

Multiplicity (subordinate)

Answer 20

The individual grudgingly acknowledges the reality and legitimacy of multiple perspectives. They find it difficult to deny that reasonable people can differ in their perspectives of life, and people who hold different views are not so easily dismissed as being wrong

Question 21

Late multiplicity

Answer 21

Individuals fully realize that even experts differ among themselves in regards to what is true.

Question 22

Oppositional

Answer 22

Allows individuals to maintain a dualistic either-or structure in their thinking

Question 23

Relative subordinate

Answer 23

Individuals begin to understand that some opinions are more legitimate than others. The value of perspective is now understood to be related to the supporting arguments and evidence for the position

Question 24

Contextual relativism

Answer 24

The individual now possesses analytic abilities that allow her to appreciate the merits of diverse perspectives and to find convincing elements in multiple points of views

Question 25

Commitment foreseen

Answer 25

Thinking incorporates not only respect for diverse ideas and understanding of their rationale, but also the individual’s affirmation of what it is they believe in, all while knowing that reason will never provide absolute proof that their ideas or perspectives are right or better than others

Question 26

Resolve

Answer 26

Characterizes a state of courageous resolve to continue the work of reflecting on one’s commitments throughout adulthood

Question 27

Temporizing

Answer 27

What individuals are doing when they delay movement to the next stage of thought development

Question 28

Retreat

Answer 28

The behavior of individuals who move back to dualistic thinking in times of stress to seek intellectual security of absolute right and wrong.

Question 29

Escape

Answer 29

The behavior of individuals who revert to relativism when the demands of commitment are too stressful

Question 30

Reflective judgement

Answer 30

How people analyze elements of a problem and justify their problem solving

Question 31

“The person who” fallacy

Answer 31

Refuting a well-documented finding by calling knowledge of a person who is an exception

Question 32

Actuarial prediction

Answer 32

Predicting an individual’s outcome based on group characteristics

Question 33

Vividness effect

Answer 33

Occurs during decision-making when some salient or vivid facts attract our attention regardless of their actual value as evidence

Question 34

Bipolar disorder

Answer 34

An affective disorder that is generally characterized by episodes of mania of hypomania, sometimes alternating with episodes of depression

Question 35

Unipolar disorder

Answer 35

A term used to indicate a clinical course marked by episodes of depression but not mania

Question 36

Bicultural competence

Answer 36

Having social skills for getting along in both the minority and majority culture “without compromising one’s sense of cultural identity”

Question 37

Perry’s positions in postformal thought (9)

Answer 37

1. Strict dualism
2. Multiplicity (prelegitimate)
3. Multiplicity (subordinate)
4. Late multiplicity
5. Contextual relativism
6. Commitment foreseen
7. Initial commitment
8. Multiple commitments
9. Resolve

Question 38

Schaie’s stages of transition to adulthood (7)

Answer 38

1. Acquisition stage
2. Achieving stage
3. Responsible stage
4. Executive stage
5. Reorganizational stage
6. Reintegrative stage
7. Legacy-leaving stage

Question 39

3 qualifications for adulthood

Answer 39

1. Take responsibility for your own actions
2. Make independent decisions
3. Become financially independent

Question 40

Kitchener says that different stages of thinking can be differentiated on the basis of three dimensions

Answer 40

1. Certainty of knowledge
2. Process used to acquire knowledge
3. Kind of evidence used to justify one’s judgement