Chapter 10

Question 1

Frameworklessness

Answer 1

A state of instability and anxiety unique to adolescents. This state is a result of the body changing in appearance, the emergence of adult sexual needs, etc

Question 2

Attribute substitution

Answer 2

A process involving imitation and identification in which adolescents need to borrow and “try on” various behaviors and attributes that they observe in others, because the state of frameworklessness leaves them without clearly defined ways of behaving and thinking

Question 3

Peer selection

Answer 3

Choosing peers based on behaviors, preferences, attitudes, and so on that are similar to one’s own.

Question 4

Peer influence

Answer 4

The individual adolescent’s behavior, values, and attitudes are affected and/or determined by peer group members

Question 5

Prudential consequences

Answer 5

Negative effects of an individual’s health, safety, or future as a a result of an action that violates some social expectation or rule.

Question 6

Parental monitoring

Answer 6

Consistent parental supervision

Question 7

Indulgent parenting (permissive parenting)

Answer 7

Describes parents who are high on responsiveness but low on demandingness

Question 8

Dismissive parenting

Answer 8

Describes pares great who are essentially disengaged, scoring low on both responsiveness and demandingness

Question 9

Acceptance factor

Answer 9

Includes being affectionate, praising the child, being involved in the child’s life, and showing concern for their needs.

Question 10

Democracy factor

Answer 10

The degree to which parents encourage children’s psychological autonomy by soliciting their opinions or encouraging self-expression.

Question 11

Risky behavior

Answer 11

Behaviors that constitute a departure from socially accepted norms or behaviors that pose a threat to the well-being of individuals or groups.

Question 12

Life-course-persistent antisocial pattern (early-starter model)

Answer 12

Oppositional behavior begins in early child hood, persists and diversifies over time, and becomes increasingly more serious.

Question 13

Adolescence-limited antisocial pattern

Adolescent-onset/late-started model

Answer 13

Begins in adolescence and is not likely to result in adult criminality. Although serious, it seems to be reflective of a difficult of exaggerated reaction to the adolescent period

Question 14

Sensation seeking

Answer 14

The need for varied, novel, and complex sensation and experiences and the willingness to take physical and social risk for the sake of those experiences

Question 15

Collective egocentrism

Answer 15

Peer influenced on maintaining risky behavior; each adolescent’s illusion of invincibility strengthens that of the other members of the peer group

Question 16

Maturity gap

Answer 16

A time in adolescence when physical maturity is achieved but social maturity is not.

Question 17

Broad socialization

Answer 17

Socialization that permits and encourages high levels of individual freedom of expression, has few social constraints and thus tolerates a wide variety of socially deviant behaviors

Question 18

Narrow socialization

Answer 18

Socialization more characteristic of nonindustrialized cultures that exert extensive control over the expression of behaviors that violate social standards and expect substantial conformity from young members of society.

Question 18

What are the two developmental pathways to antisocial behavior?

Answer 18

1. Early-starter model

2. Late-starter model

Question 19

What are the two aspects of parental responsiveness?

Answer 19

1. Acceptance factor

2. Democracy factor

Question 20

What is affected, with a child, when applying the democracy factor?

Answer 20

A child’s self-reliance, self-confidence, willingness to work hard, and general competence

Question 21

What is affected, with a child, when applying the acceptance factor?

Answer 21

Self-esteem and self-adjustment