Chapter 8 Flashcards
What is a flashbulb memory?
Knowing the exact time,place,vibe, feeling with vivid knowledge during which a major event took place. Example: JFK assassination, 911
What are the two types of dual memory?
Implicit memory which is automatic (like driving, brushing teeth, muscle memory)
Explicit memory which needs effort to be put in (like studying)
What are some implicit memories your mind takes in without your noticing?
- space/location of things (remember where on the page the thing you’re trying to recall is)
- time: the chronological order of things
- frequency: remember the number of times you’ve seen/heard something
What are some methods we can use to aid the creation of explicit memory?
- Chunking = organizing the information into manageable groups (phone number)
- Mnemonics (never eat shredded wheat)
- Using hierarchies to organize things, making a map
- Distributed practice (taking breaks, doing over few days)
What are the 2 levels of processing, what makes one more successful than the others?
Shallow: not good because it disapears quickly and easily
Deep: make connections, use semantic encoding. Good because it will last longer in your memory
What a retrieval cue technique can be used to remember memories associated with other things?
Priming, it allows us to activate associations with other things if you make that thing memorable
One way memories are recalled is by context dependant memory, explain what it is.
Context-dependant memory is when memory recall is aided by being in the same location as where the memory was created
What is the theory of context-dependant principle based on?
It’s based on the encoding specificity principle which states that info recall is better when it’s recalled in the same location as the encoding site
State-dependant memory is a way memory is recalled, explain it.
State-dependant memory states that recall in better when you’re in the same state as when you encoded the information. This includes caffeine high, and emotional state
What is mood-congruency?
Mood-congruency is being unable to think of things outside of your current mood state. Being sad and being unable to think of thoughts other than suicide etc. Often the case with depression
Memory recall is often heavily affected by the serial position effect, explain this phenomenon.
The serial position effect describes the phenomenon where things encoded first and things encoded last are recalled much better than things encoded in the middle. And the things encoded first and recalled better than the things encoded last. First because memory and mind are fresh and ready, last because it’s still often in the short term memory.
What are all the ways in which forgetting can occur?
- Encoding failure
- Storage decay
- Retrieval failure
- Reconstruction occurs
What is encoding failure? What is an example of this in everyday life?
Encoding failure is when something in short term memory is never fully coded into long term memory (not really forgetting). An example is forgetting someones name right after they’ve introduced themselves
What is storage decay? And what is an example of it in real life?
Storage decay occurs when a memory pathway (connections amongst neurons) slowly decays and fades. An example of this is not practicing an instrument and forgetting how to play.
What is Retrieval failure caused by interference? What are the 2 types? What is an example of it in real life?
Retrieval failure caused by interference is when a memory interferes with the recalling of another similar/related memory.
2 types: Proactive = an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory»_space; moving houses and remembering your old address automatically. Retroactive = when a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory»_space; made new bank pin, can’t remember old bank pin anymore
