Chapter 5

Question 1

Define Attachment

Answer 1

An emotional tie with a “special person.”

Question 2

How did the Hurlow’s monkey experiment look at attachment?

Answer 2

Originally attachment was thought to stem from nourishment provided at an early age but, hurlow’s monkeys were more attached to the “mother” that provided physical comfort over the mother that provided nourishment

Question 3

What is a secure base?

Answer 3

Something or someone that allows a feeling of tethering and a point of safety to which the subject can return to when feeling overwhelmed&raquo_space; often makes the child more able to explore

Question 4

What are the 4 types of attachment?

Answer 4

Secure,Insecure: Avoidant, Ambivalent/Resistant, Disorganized

Question 5

What is a secure attachment like?

Answer 5

Distressed when secure base gone, Immediately wants to make contact and quickly calms when secure base is back

Question 6

What is a ambivalant/resistant attachment like?

Answer 6

Distressed when secure base gone, not immediately or not at all looking for contact and takes a long time to get calmed.

Question 7

What is a avoident attachment like?

Answer 7

Doesn’t cry when secure base gone, doesn’t react when secure base is back

Question 8

What is a disorganized attachment like?

Answer 8

Variety of responses, just don’t know how to react to parent

Question 9

What are some reasons a child may have an insecure attachment?

Answer 9

An insensitive caregiver because of: Abuse, inexperience, post partum depression, being away often

Question 10

What is the difference between sensitive parenting and insensitive parenting?

Answer 10

Sensitive parenting means that the parent reacts quickly to the child’s needs, where as insensitive parenting means that the parents do not reply quickly and are not as responsive

Question 11

The definition of temperament, which has genetic aspects looks at what 2 things?

Answer 11

How “easy” or “difficult” a child is, emotional reactivity, and intensity of the emotional reaction

Question 12

The Van der Boom study looked at how likely it was to have a child with a difficult or easy be securely attached, what did this study compare, what were the results?

Answer 12

The study compared results from well behaved children who were split into 2 groups: parents who were trained on sensitive parenting and children who were not trained on sensitive parenting vs. Results from difficult children who were split into the same 2 groups. For both the well behaved and difficult children the group of parents taught to be sensitive the rate of secure attachment was the same at 68% where as those not taught the rates of secure attachment were only 28% for both. This proves that the parenting style and not the nature or genetics of the child played a major role in how securely attached the child was

Question 13

What does the Erikson theory of psychology look at? And how many stages are there?

Answer 13

The Erikson theory of psychology looks at * different stages of development and the psychological tasks they can complete during that period, the social environments their immersed in, and positive and negative resolution

Question 14

What is the definition of cognition?

Answer 14

Cognition is all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

Question 15

What really sparked Piaget’s interest with the children’s answers/reactions?

Answer 15

He was most interested in the children’s incorrect answers because when they all answered incorrect, they all answered the same same thing which we don’t usually see

Question 16

What are 2 key points that Piaget pointed out?

Answer 16

1. All children had a certain limit to what they could learn within a certain period group
2. Children weren’t passive to stimuli like behaviourism suggested, they were active in understanding their enviroments

Question 17

Whata re schmeas?

Answer 17

Schemas are bits of knowledge, concepts the children gained from new experiences

Question 18

When a child “assimilates an idea, what does that mean?

Answer 18

When a child assimilates an idea that means that the idea fits into/ or confirms with what they already know their world. Ex: dogs can be big but they can also be small

Question 19

What does it mean when a child “accommodates” a new idea?

Answer 19

It means that the new idea challenges old ideas and so the child needs to fit and change old schemas in order to fit the new idea in

Question 20

In Piaget’s theory different stages represent what?

Answer 20

In Piaget’s theory the different stages represent different abilities of development (age ranges are approximate)

Question 21

What is the stage from birth to age 2 called? What are the Schemas/milestones?

Answer 21

A) Sensorimotor period

• Object permanence = Objects exist in nature even if the child can’t see it anymore
• Seperation anxiety = Anxiety when primary caregivers are gone, ONLY after object permanence
• Stranger anxiety = frightened of unfamiliar faces, the more different it is the more frightened they become

Question 22

What is the stage from age 2-6 called? What are the milestones/schemas?

Answer 22

B) Pre-operational period: Can’t manipulate what they learned, not logical

• Can’t understand Conservation = Properties (volume,mass, length) of objects don’t change is you just change the appearance&raquo_space; 🥛study (poured into 2 types of glasses)
• Centration = Only focus on one point of information that stands out the most (look only at tallness not width too)
• Static states = can’t connect (put two and two together) what just happened
• Lack reversibility = Can’t reverse and think about what just happened (can’t imagine pouring milk back into other glass)
• Egocentric = Can only understand things from their own point of view
• Animistic thinking = Giving conscious life to objects
• Transductive reasoning = Don’t understand coincidence, think 2 things happening at the same time as something else caused by 1 of the things
• Lack Hierarchical organization = don’t understand how things can be grouped under a larger category (10 flowers, 4 blue flowers, 9 white)
• Achieve a theory of mind = have knowledge of their and other people’s thoughts and feelings (false belief test)

Question 23

C) what are the Schemas/Milestones for the Operational Period?

Answer 23

C) Operational period: Full mental ability, logical, fully functional mental operations

-For them to be able to demonstrate their knowledge they need it to be concrete events they’ve experienced

Question 24

What period is age 12 and onward? What are the schemas/milestones?

Answer 24

D) Formal Operational Period

-Abstract thinking = can think about future possibilities, use “if and “then” statements&raquo_space; If John and Marie always go to school together and John is at school, where is marie?

Question 25

How does alcohol effect the fetus and mother, what is Fetal alcohol syndrome and what are the long term consequences of it?

Answer 25

Alcohol effects the mother and fetus by depressing activity in both their central nervous systems

Alcohol consumption can prime the child to: enjoy alcohol, become an addict, have behaviour problems, be hyperactive, lower intelligence, and have physical and mental abnormalities

Question 26

What does it mean when we say alcohol has an epigenetic effect?

Answer 26

It means that it can impact DNA and switch genes off/on that shouldn’t be

Question 27

Brain development at around age 1 allows for what skill?

Answer 27

Allows for walking because it depends on physical (motor) coordination

Question 28

What is the sequence of motor abilities?

Answer 28

Roll over, sit up independently, crawl and then walk (These are not entirely mimic’d)

Question 29

What guides motor development?

Answer 29

Genes guide motor development, not simply mimicking (cerebellum develops)

Question 30

What is Infantile amnesia?

Answer 30

Not remembering memories made before the age of aprox. 3.5

Question 31

We know the nourishment is not really the key to “attachment.” What are the keys to attachment?

Answer 31

Physical contact and Familiarity

Question 32

What is the “self-concept” ?

Answer 32

Recognizing ones self in a mirror etc

Question 33

What are the 3 types of parenting styles discussed in the text?

Answer 33

Authoritarian: Impose rules and expect submission

Permissive: Easy going, inattentive

Authoritative: Impose rules but also allow dialogue and exceptions

Question 34

How do teens logic differently than adults?

Answer 34

Teens don’t underestimate the threat BUT the do overestimate the benefits

Question 35

How does exercise slow aging?

Answer 35

Enhances muscles, bones, energy, maintains telomeres, avoids obesity and heart disease

Question 36

How does a neurocognitive disorder happen? (NCD/Dementia)

Answer 36

Over time using of alcohol/drugs, multiple small stokes, and brain tumor can cause mental erosion

Question 37

What are the symptoms of Alzheimers?

Answer 37

Memory erosion, reasoning ⬇️, emotionally flat, disorientated, disinhibited, incontinent, and mentally vacant