Chapter 7

Question 1

Define the following terms? A) Unconditioned stimulus B) Unconditioned response C) Neutral stimulus D) Conditioned stimulus E) Conditioned response

Answer 1

A) Unconditioned stimulus: Stimulus that doesn’t require a learned response&raquo_space; theres already a response present from birth (food, loud sounds, pain)

B) Unconditioned response: An automatic response to a stimuli known since birth (saliva dripping/crying)

C) Neutral stimulus: Stimulus that doesn’t ilicit a dramatic/or any response (bell/mouse)

D) Conditioned stimulus: A formerly neutral stimulus that was changed to ilicit a response by heavily associating it with an unconditioned stimulus (bell/mouse or anything fuzzy)

E) Conditioned response: A new response to a conditioned stimulus that was formerly reserved for an unconditioned stimulus (saliva dripping after bell/ crying after seeing mouse or anything fuzzy)

Question 2

If the Aroma of brewing coffee makes your heart race, what are the UCS? CS? And the CR?

Answer 2

UCS = Coffee

CS = Aroma

CR = Heart racing

Question 3

Define Acquisition.

Answer 3

Its the Neutral stimulus being often paired with the Unconditioned stimulus&raquo_space; This creates a very strong Conditioned response

Question 4

When does Extinction happen?

Answer 4

When the conditioned stimulus is presented alone too often

Question 5

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 5

When there is a reappearance of a weakened conditioned response

Question 6

What is Generalization?

Answer 6

It’s the tendency to respond to a stimuli that is very similar to the conditioned stimuli

Question 7

What is discrimination?

Answer 7

When the subject can tell the difference between a conditioned stimuli and other similar stimuli

Question 8

What are the effects of heroin?

Answer 8

Decrease in anxiety and a blissful feeling

Question 9

What is the consequences of a tolerance being built?

Answer 9

Need more to feel the same effects

Question 10

For a Heroin user, describe what the a) US b) UR c) NS d) CS e) CR are.

Answer 10

A) the heroin
B) relaxed/bliss
C) environment 
D) environment after few sessions
E) actually an increase in anxiety rather than an increase in relaxed bliss

Question 11

Since the conditioned response for Heroin users is actually an increase in anxiety, explain how this could explain tolerance?

Answer 11

As the Acquisition increases, CR (anxiety) increases, US (heroin) and UR (decrease in anxiety) stay the same. There is more anxiety from the CS than decrease in anxiety from the US. Therefore more US must be taken in order to get a UR that out does the CR.

Question 12

What can happen when a heroin user is in a unfamiliar environment?

Answer 12

Overdose, because the CS isn’t there to counter/ cancel out the effects of the US. Has a major overpowering UR.

Question 13

What are the 4 types of operant behaviour?

Answer 13

Positive punishment, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, negative punishment

Question 14

What type of operant conditioning factors create the operant behaviour of Positive reinforcement?

Answer 14

Stimulus being presented, and their being a pleasant consequence

Question 15

What type of operant conditioning factors create the operant behaviour of positive punishment?

Answer 15

The stimulus being presented and the consequence is unpleasant

Question 16

What type of operant conditioning factors create the operant behaviour of negative punishment? And does this increase your decrease the original behaviour?

Answer 16

The pleasant stimulus is taken away, this decreases the behaviour in question

Question 17

What type of operant conditioning factors create the operant behaviour of negative reinforcement? And does this increase your decrease the original behaviour?

Answer 17

Something unpleasant is taken away, this should increase the original behaviour

Question 18

What are examples of positive punishment, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, and negative reinforcement.

Answer 18

Positive punishment: Getting spanked
Positive reinforcement: Getting praised for good behaviour
Negative punishment: Getting dessert privileges taken away
Negative reinforcement: Nagging gone when dishes done (torture gone when tell secret)

Question 19

Define Vicarious learning.

Answer 19

Vicarious learning is learning the consequences to certain actions by watching others

Question 20

What did the 3 endings of the Bobo doll experiment tell us?

Answer 20

Those who see positive reinforcement take place for a violent action are much more likely to repeat that action than those who see the negative consequences or even neutral consequences; children are able learn vicariously

Question 21

What did the Bobo doll experiment also say about the impact of reinforcement? Is reinforcement needed for learning?

Answer 21

Children who were originally taught through “punishment”, and those that were shown neutral consequences for violence were told to abuse the bobo doll to get candy, the children obliged researchers. This shows that reinforcement does not need to be there for learning to occur (children still learned violent techniques) but reinforcement gave them a motivation, and that motivation is what keeps people from abstaining or undertaking a behaviour.

Question 22

What are some common motivators?

Answer 22

A reward, to mimic an idol, to mimic someone you can identify with, lack of certainty, task difficulty (hard&raquo_space; no, easy&raquo_space; pointless, medium&raquo_space; will try)

Question 23

Define learned helplessness.

Answer 23

A behaviour that is learned from consistently having no influence on the consequences of a certain situation

Question 24

How do slieghmen’s dogs demonstrate learned helplessness?

Answer 24

• 2 groups of dogs: one harnessed (A), one unharnessed (B). - 2 testing situations: one where half of floor is electrocuted and other is not and there is a fence between the 2 floors, one where half of the floor is electrocuted and the other is not and there is a doggy door between the 2 floors
• Group A and Group B are subjected to the first situation, Group A struggles without having any effect on their situation, Group B jumps over the fence easily
• Group A (now not tied), Group B are subjected to the 2nd situation, Group A sits there and takes the shock because they’ve learned to be helpless, group B quickly goes though the doggy door