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Psyc 101 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is bottom up processing?

A

Bottom up processing is information that has been transferred from the sensory receptors to then to the brain where interpretation occurs

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2
Q

What is top down processing?

A

Information processing that’s guided by higher level mental processes, and it’s based on experience and expectation. This can help make a quick response but also can be misleading (many magic tricks rely on this)

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3
Q

What is a perceptual set?

A

Its a certain tendency for people to view things a certain way depending on how the information was presented

Example: not viewing bad grades too harshly after getting sad news

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4
Q

What is Extra sensory perception?

A

Perception that is not through normal processes

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5
Q

What is parapsychology?

A

The study of paranormal phenomena

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6
Q

Define the following terms. Telepathy, Precognition, Clairvoyance, Psychokinesis.

A

Telepathy: Can transfer thoughts to someone else without talking
Precognition: knowing future events
Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events (far but in the present)
Psychokinesis: move objects without touching

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7
Q

What are the criticisms for research statistics done on ESP?

A

That statistics weren’t appropriate, the number was statistically significant but it was far from convincing

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8
Q

What were the criticisms of the methodological flaws on the research of ESP?

A
  • there was a lack of reproducibility
  • less support for the alternative hypothesis as the research techniques were improved (extra-sensitive not extra-sensory)
  • There was experimenter bias&raquo_space; some researchers were fudging numbers
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9
Q

What is transduction?

A

Transduction is the conversion of one type of energy into another

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10
Q

What are photoreceptors? And what are the two types of photoreceptors?

A

Photoreceptors are cells that take light energy and convert it into neural energy

Rods and Cones

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11
Q

Describe the differences between Rods and Cones.

A

Rods are found along the edges of our vision, see in black,white,and grey and are best suited for twilight and dim light. Cones are founf in the middle of our vision, see in colour, and iare best suited for daylight.

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12
Q

What are bipolar cells?

A

Bipolar cells are specialized cells that enhance vision by lateral inhibition

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13
Q

What is lateral inhibition?

A

lateral inhibition is an interneurans capability to inhibit some of the signal coming through from the photo receptor in order to sharpen the image

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14
Q

What are Ganglion cells?

A

Ganglion cells have a centre and a surround, this allows for a different type of contrast which helps us see edges better

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15
Q

From what type of cells does the thalamus receive messages?and What kind of information does it gather together and process at the same time? (Parallel processing)

A
  • Receives messages from the Ganglion cell

- It processes information pertaining form,colour,movement, and depth/distance

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16
Q

What are the two main components of the visual cortex? What are the specialized function of those two cells?

A
  • Feature detectors = specialized cells that only respond to specific features (ex: vertical line)
  • Super cell clusters = respond to patterns (ex: faces)
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17
Q

What determines what colour we think an object is?

A

It depends on what colour the object DOES NOT absorb. The colour it doesn’t absorb is the colour we’ll see

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18
Q

What is the Trichromatic theory?

A

A theory that suggest that all the colours we perceive are sensed by 3 types of cones to give us all our range of colours

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19
Q

What is the opponent process theory?

A

The idea that visual cones have a pair so that when processing occurs after the colour is taken away we see the opposite pair (the opponent)

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20
Q

What are teh opponent colour pairs?

A

Blue-Yellow
Green-Red
Black-White

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21
Q

Where does colour processing occur?

A

In the ganglion cells

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22
Q

What are the 8 monocular cues?

A

Relative size, Reduced clarity, Textural gradient, Linear perspective, Relative height, Interposition, Motion parallax, Lights and Shadows

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23
Q

Describe Reduced size

A

Reduced size is when there are two object about the same size. Your brain knows that the object that’s further away is the smaller one, and the object that’s bigger is closer.

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24
Q

Describe Reduced clarity.

A

Reduced clarity is when you look at two objects and one appears more detailed and the other appears less detailed. Your brain knows that the one that appears more detailed is closer and the one that appears less detailed is further away.

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25
Q

Describe Textural gradient.

A

A single long object extending back. Your brain knows that what is more textured is closer and what is less textured is further away.

26
Q

Describe Linear perspective.

A

When two lines converge in the distance. Your brain knows that the closer the lines are the more in the distance they are.

27
Q

Describe Relative height.

A

?Confused?

28
Q

Describe Interposition.

A

Interposition is when one object blocks out others and by that our brain can tell that the object in front is closer and the object being blocked (behind) is further.

29
Q

Describe Motion parallax.

A

Closer objects will seem to move faster and further distances than things that are further away.

30
Q

Describe Lights and shadows.

A

The use of lights and shadows help us to see the rounded 3D shape of things.

31
Q

What can we tell about depth perception in newborn animals from the animal studies?

A

That depth perception in animals is innate.

32
Q

What observations were made during the human studies for depth perception?

A
  • The subjects are 6 months (at crawling age)
  • Most don’t go to the deep side
  • Exception were younger subjects
  • They went to the deep side
  • non-crawlers (3 months)
  • Heart rate decreases, alertness increases
33
Q

What are the conclusions that one could make in support for innate vs learned depth perception?

A

Emerges at 6 months for majority regardless of ability to crawl or not
Could be an adaptive ability since it occurs at around the time children learn to crawl

34
Q

What are the conclusions that seem to support the idea that depth perception is learned?

A
  • Requires 6 months to appear which suggests learning could have taken place during that time
  • Current learning could take place, children might avoid stepping on the deep side simply because it’s different
  • Social reinforcing, the parents’ expressions might be more convincing to a younger child than a older child
35
Q

What is an absolute threshold?

A

The minimum amount of sound, touch, taste, pressure, or light required for us to hear it at least 50% of the time

36
Q

What is signal detection theory? And what are some predictions it suggests.

A

It’s a theory that tries to predict when we would be more likely to predict weak signals of sound, pressure, light, taste, or odour.

Some situations may include a mother’s sensitivity to a baby’s cries will be much better than before she became a mother herself

37
Q

What is subliminal signalling?

A

Any stimulus that’s below your absolute threshold. Subliminal signals can even briefly reach your visual or auditory cortex and prime your response to a later question

38
Q

What is a masking stimulus?

A

A masking stimulus is something that interrupts brain’s processing before conscious processing, so that you may not know that you’re processing it

39
Q

What is the minimum difference between to stimuli required for detection of the difference at least 50 of the time called?

A

Difference threshold

40
Q

What is Weber’s law?

A

Weber’s law states that there has to be a fixed minimum percentage (rather than amount) between 2 stimulus to be able to be perceived as different

41
Q

What is sensory adaptation? Give an example of it. Explain why it happens?

A

Sensory adaptation when we have diminished sensitivity because of over stimulation. An example of this is walking into a smelly house and not smelling it after a minute, or sitting in a chair and not constantly feeling it against your bum. Our nerve cells fire less frequently when a stimulus is unchanging.

42
Q

What is context effect? Give an example.

A

It define that phenomenon where we perceive things differently based on a perceptual set. An example is seeing a gun in other peoples hands because there is a gun in your hand. Or hearing “peel” when told the sentence “eel is on an orange”

43
Q

What is the path that light takes on the way to become vision?

A

Light enters cornea (bends it to give focus), then light passes into the pupil (small opening) and iris (coloured muscle that dilates and constricts depending on amount of light), then passes through the lens (focuses light onto the retina by ‘accommodation’), light arrives at the retina, here cones and rods change the message to electronic impulses, sent to the bipolar cells, then sent to the ganglion cells, and finally up the optic nerve, to the thalamus and then finally the visual cortex

44
Q

What is the fovea?

A

It is the retina’s central area of focus

45
Q

What is a gestalt?

A

It’s when you take separate things and are simply inclined to organize them into a whole

46
Q

What are the types of grouping that we do to satiate our human need for gestalt?

A

Proximity: we group close things together ( 3 lines of 2, not 6 lines)
Continuity: Perceive smooth, continuous patterns, rather than discontinuous ones
Closure: we fill in gaps to create a whole complete object

47
Q

What is a good binocular clue?

A

Retinal disparity: The greater difference between the image seen by each eye, the closer the object is.

48
Q

What is stroboscopic movement?

A

When we see a series of rapidly moving, slightly varying images we see it as continuous movement

49
Q

What is the Phi phenomenon?

A

A succession of lights that create the illusion of movement, like a barber sign that lights of open and cutting scissors

50
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

Being able to recognize objects without being fooled by their changes in colour, brightness, shape or size

51
Q

How does sound go from entering the ear hole to registering as sound?

A

Sound waves enter the outer ear, it’s than directed through the auditory canal, to the ear drum, that stimulates a part of the middle ear, which in turns stimulates the cochlea’s membrane, which jostles liquid in the cochlea, this causes ripples in the basilar membrane bending hair cells, this triggers nerve cells which sends a message along the auditory nerve, which then reaches the thalamus which is then recieved by the auditory cortex

52
Q

What are the 2 differences between sensory neural hearing loss and conduction hearing loss?

A

Sensory neural hearing loss is more common, conduction hearing loss is due to damage to the mechanical parts leading to vibrations in the cochlea, sensory neural hearing loss is from damage to the cochleas hair cells

53
Q

Cochlear implants help with what kind of hearing loss?

A

Helps with sensorineural deafness by converting sound to electrical signals wired directly to the auditory nerve

54
Q

How does your brain interpret loudness?

A

It interprets it by sensing how many hair cells are activated (bent over)

55
Q

What theory/ies explain how we recognize, high pitch, low pitch, and inbetween pitches?

A

For high pitch: place theory
For low pitch: frequency theory
For inbetween: a bit of both theories

56
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Sensory receptors in our skin, muscles, and organs that pick up on pain

57
Q

What is the gate control theory for pain?

A
  • The spinal cord has a neurological gate
  • When tissue is injured, the gate is opened by small fibres
  • You feel pain
  • The gate is closed again by large fibres
58
Q

Name two ways we can control pain without using medication?

A

Placebo, and distraction

59
Q

What are the steps for an odour to register as a smell in the brain?

A
  1. Oderants bind to oderant receptors
  2. Olfactory cells are activated and send electric signals
  3. Converged axons carry the message straight to the higher parts of the brain
60
Q

What is your vestibular sense? What are the 2 parts?

A

It tracks the movement and position of your head (therefore your body)

The two parts are the semicircular canals, and vestibular sack, both help your maintain balance

61
Q

What is sensory interaction?

A

One or more of our senses interacting with each other. Example is when we smell something sweet and imagine it to also taste sweet.

62
Q

What is heritability?

A

Heritibility is the differences among people which are due to genes

Psyc 101 (8 decks)

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