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BIO150 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Define genetics

A

The study of genes, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated

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2
Q

Define Chromosomes

A

Structures containing DNA that physically carry herediary information; the chromosomes contain genes

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3
Q

Define Genes

A

Segments of DNA that encode functional products, usually proteins

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4
Q

Define Genome

A

All the genetic information in a cell

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5
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

A set of rules that dtermines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a protein

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Define genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

Expression of the genes (hair color, eye color, etc)

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9
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

Flow of genetic information from one generation to the next

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10
Q

DNA forms a ____ ______

A

Double helix

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11
Q

What does the “backbone” of DNA consist of?

A

Deoxyribose-phosphate

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12
Q

Fill in the blanks

DNA Replication

  • “Backbone” consists of _____-______
  • Twostrands of nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds between ____ and _____
  • Strands are ________ in arrangement
  • Order of the ___________ bases forms the _______ ____ of the organisms
A
  • deoxyribose-phosphate
  • A-T and C-G
  • Antiparrallel
  • nitrogen-containing; genetic instructions
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13
Q

How many strands serve as the template for the production of a second strand?

A

1

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14
Q

Topoisomerase and gyrase - they ____ and ____ the strands

A

twist; relax

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15
Q

_______ separates the DNA strands during DNA replications

A

Helicase

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16
Q

During DNA replication what makes a molecule of DNA? How does it do this?

A

DNA polymerase;

It adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

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17
Q

Which direction does DNA polymerase go?

A

5’-3’ direction

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18
Q

The process of DNA ploymerase adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand is initiated by a_______ _____.

The leading strand is synthesized _______ while the lagging strand is synthezised ________, creating ___________ ______

A

RNA primer

continually

discontinually

okazaki strands

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19
Q

Towards end of DNA replication DNA polymerase removes ____ ____; ____ ___ are joined by _____ ____ and ____ _______

A

RNA primers

Okazaki fragments

DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

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20
Q

Energy for DNA replication is supplied by _____.

_____ of two phopshate groups on _____ provides energy

A

Nucleotides

Hydrolysis; ATP

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21
Q

DNA replication is ________ which means what?

A

Semiconservative; This means each new double stranded DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand

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22
Q

Most bacterial DNA replication is ________

A

Bidirectional

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23
Q

How many copies of the DNA molecule can each offpsring of DNA replication receive?

A

One

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24
Q

Is DNA replication accurate? If so, why?

A

Yes because of the proofreading capabilities of the DNA polymerase.

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25
Q

What three things do you know about Ribonucleic acid?

A
  • Single-stranded nucleotide
  • 5-carbon ribose sugar
  • Contains uracil (U) insteadof thymine (T)
26
Q

What is the integral part of ribosomes?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

27
Q

What transports amino acids during protein synthesis?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

28
Q

What carries coded information from DNA to ribosomes?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

29
Q

Transcription proceeds in the ___ -> ___ direction.

It stops when it reaches the ____ sequence on DNA.

Transcription begins when ___ _____ binds to the _____ sequence on DNA.

What is synthesized during transcription in prokaryotes?

A
  • 5 3
  • terminator
  • RNA polymerase ; promoter
  • Sntehsis of a complementary mRNA strand from a DNA template
30
Q

mRNA is translated into the _______ of proteins

A

“language”

31
Q

Codons

A

Groups of three mRNA nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid

32
Q

___ ___ ____ encode 20 amino acids

A

61 sense codons

33
Q

Degeneracy

A

Genetic code involves degeneracy - each amino acid is coded by several codons (translation)

34
Q

What is the start codn? What does this do?

A

AUG; translation of mRNA begins at the start codon

35
Q

3 nonsense codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

36
Q

Codons of rRNA are ____ sequentially

A

“read”

37
Q

tRNA molecules transport the required ____ ___ to the ribosome

tRNA molecules also have a ______ that base-pairs with the codon

Amino acids are joined by _____ ____

A
  • amino acids
  • anticodon
  • peptide bonds
38
Q

In bacteria, translation can beginn _____ transcription is complete.

A

before

39
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change in the base sequence of DNA

40
Q

Mutations may be _______, ____, or ____

A

Mutual, beneficial, harmful

41
Q

Mutagens

A

Agents that cause mutations

42
Q

Spontaneous mutations

A

Occur in the absence of a mutagen

43
Q

Base substitution

A

(point mutation)

Change in one base in DNA

44
Q

Missense mutation

A

Base substitution results in change in an amino acid

45
Q

Base substitution results in a nonsense (stop) codon

A

Nonsense mutation

46
Q

Base substitution results in change in an amino acid

A

Missense mutation

47
Q

Change in one base in DNA

A

Base substitution

48
Q

Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs

Shifts the translational “reading frame”

A

Framshift mutation

49
Q

Causes adenine to bind with cytosine instead of thymine

A

Nitrous acid

50
Q

Incorporates into DNA in place of a normal base; causes mistakes in base pairing

A

Nucleosid analog

51
Q

Causes the formation of ions that can ozidize nucleotides and break the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone

A

Ionizing radiation

52
Q

Causes thymine dimers

A

UV radiation

53
Q

Separate thymine dimers

A

Light repair-photolyases

54
Q

Enzymes cut out incorrect bases and fill in corect bases

A

Nucleotide excision repair

55
Q

Detects mutant cells because they grow or appear idifference than unmutated cells

A

Positive (direct) selection

56
Q

Detects mutant cells that cannot grow or perform a certain function

A

Negative (indirect) selection

57
Q

Mutant that has a nutritional requirement absent in the parent

A

Auxtotroph

Use of replica plating

58
Q

Test that exposes mutant bacteria to mutagenic substances to measure the rate of reversal of themutation

What does it indicate?

A

Ames test

Degree to which a substance is mutagenic

59
Q
A
60
Q
A

BIO150 (15 decks)

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