Chapter 10 Flashcards
Taxonomy
Putting organisms into categories, or taxa, to show degrees of similarities among organisms
Phylogeny/Systematics
The study of the evolutionary history of organisms, and the hierarchy of taxa reflects their evolutionary, or phylogenetic, relationships.
Carolus Linnaeus
Introduced the formal system of classification with two kingdoms - Plantae and Animalia
Carl R. Woese
Proposed elevating the three cell types to a level above kingdom, called domain, in 1978
What are the three Domains?
Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea
What are the three major groups of Archaea?
Methanogens (strict anaerobes that produce methane from CO2 and Hydrogen), Extreme Halophiles (require high concentration of salt for survival), and Hyperthermophiles, which normally grown in extremely hot environments
Characteristics of Archaea
Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Cell Wall: cell wall varies in composition but contains no peptidoglycan
Membrane Lipids: Composed of branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkage
Antibiotic Sensitivity: No
Has histones
Growth by binary fission
DNA: one circular, some two circular, some linear
Characteristics of Bacteria
Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Cell Wall: Contains peptidoglycan
Membrane Lipids: Composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage
Antibiotic Sensitivity: Yes
Does not have histones
Growth by binary fission
Eukarya
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Cell Wall: Varies in composition; contains carbohydrates
Membrane Lipids: Composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage
Antibiotic Sensitivity: No
DNA is linear
Has histones
Growth by mitosis
What makes mitochondria and chloroplasts different from other organelles?
They have DNA, create energy, and are capable of binary fission
Every organism is assigned ____ names. Which makes them _____. What are the two types of names?
Two; Binomial; Genus and Specific epithet(species)
When writing binomial nomenclature you _______ the name. When typing you ______ the name. Can you write the shortened version of an organisms name only?
Underline; Italicize; No, you must write the full name initially when discussing an organism and from then forward you may refer to it in its abbreviated form. The genus must always be capitalized and the species may be in lower case.
Eukaryotic species
A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves. Remember that Bacteria and Archaea (Prokaryotic cells) can grow sexually, asexually or via binary fission.
The kingdom Fungi includes…
Unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, and macroscopic species such as mushrooms. Absorbs organic matter through its plasma membrane.
Kingdom Plantae includes…
Mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.
Kingdom Animalia includes…
Sponges, various worms, insects, and animals with backbones.
Viral Species
A population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche
Rapid Identification Methods
Tests conducted in medical offices that yield results at a much quicker rate than normal laboratory submissions. They are designed to perform several biochemical tests simultaneously within 4-24 hours.
Numerical Identification
Method used to identify different pathogens and whether or not they are present in a tested specimen.
Serology
The science that studies serums and immune responses that are evident in serum.
Antiserum
Solutions of antibodies that are used in the identification of many medically important microorganisms are commercially available.
Slide Agglutination Test
Samples of unknown bacterium are place d in a drop of saline on each of several slides. Then a different known antiserum is added to each ample. The bacteria agglutinate(clump) when mixed with antibodies that were produced in response to that species or strain of bacterium; positive test is evident by presence of agglutination
Serological Testing
differentiates not only among microbial species, but also among strain within species Strains with different antigens are called serotypes, serovars, or biovars.
Serotypes, serovars, or biovars
Strains with different antigens
ELISA
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay - a biochemical technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample.
Western Blotting
(sometimes called the protein immunoblot) is a widely used analytical technique used in molecular biology, immunogenetics and other molecular biology disciplines to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract. Artificial antibodies are created that react with a specific target protein.
Phage Typing
A test for determining which phages (short for bacteriophage: a virus that parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reproducing inside it) a bacterium is susceptible. Bacteriophages are highly specialized, in that they usually infect only members of a particular species, or even particular strains within a species. Common with determining food-associated infections.
FAME
Fatty acid methyl ester - bacteria synthesize a wide variety of fatty acids, and in general, those fatty acids are constant for a particular species. Commercial symptoms that have been designed to separate cellular fatty acids to compare them to fatty acid profiles of known organisms.
