Chapter 10

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

Putting organisms into categories, or taxa, to show degrees of similarities among organisms

Question 2

Phylogeny/Systematics

Answer 2

The study of the evolutionary history of organisms, and the hierarchy of taxa reflects their evolutionary, or phylogenetic, relationships.

Question 3

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 3

Introduced the formal system of classification with two kingdoms - Plantae and Animalia

Question 4

Carl R. Woese

Answer 4

Proposed elevating the three cell types to a level above kingdom, called domain, in 1978

Question 5

What are the three Domains?

Answer 5

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

Question 6

What are the three major groups of Archaea?

Answer 6

Methanogens (strict anaerobes that produce methane from CO2 and Hydrogen), Extreme Halophiles (require high concentration of salt for survival), and Hyperthermophiles, which normally grown in extremely hot environments

Question 7

Characteristics of Archaea

Answer 7

Cell Type: Prokaryotic

Cell Wall: cell wall varies in composition but contains no peptidoglycan

Membrane Lipids: Composed of branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkage

Antibiotic Sensitivity: No

Has histones

Growth by binary fission

DNA: one circular, some two circular, some linear

Question 8

Characteristics of Bacteria

Answer 8

Cell Type: Prokaryotic

Cell Wall: Contains peptidoglycan

Membrane Lipids: Composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage

Antibiotic Sensitivity: Yes

Does not have histones

Growth by binary fission

Question 9

Eukarya

Answer 9

Cell Type: Eukaryotic

Cell Wall: Varies in composition; contains carbohydrates

Membrane Lipids: Composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage

Antibiotic Sensitivity: No

DNA is linear

Has histones

Growth by mitosis

Question 10

What makes mitochondria and chloroplasts different from other organelles?

Answer 10

They have DNA, create energy, and are capable of binary fission

Question 11

Every organism is assigned ____ names. Which makes them _____. What are the two types of names?

Answer 11

Two; Binomial; Genus and Specific epithet(species)

Question 12

When writing binomial nomenclature you _______ the name. When typing you ______ the name. Can you write the shortened version of an organisms name only?

Answer 12

Underline; Italicize; No, you must write the full name initially when discussing an organism and from then forward you may refer to it in its abbreviated form. The genus must always be capitalized and the species may be in lower case.

Question 13

Eukaryotic species

Answer 13

A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves. Remember that Bacteria and Archaea (Prokaryotic cells) can grow sexually, asexually or via binary fission.

Question 14

The kingdom Fungi includes…

Answer 14

Unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, and macroscopic species such as mushrooms. Absorbs organic matter through its plasma membrane.

Question 15

Kingdom Plantae includes…

Answer 15

Mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.

Question 16

Kingdom Animalia includes…

Answer 16

Sponges, various worms, insects, and animals with backbones.

Question 17

Viral Species

Answer 17

A population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

Question 18

Rapid Identification Methods

Answer 18

Tests conducted in medical offices that yield results at a much quicker rate than normal laboratory submissions. They are designed to perform several biochemical tests simultaneously within 4-24 hours.

Question 19

Numerical Identification

Answer 19

Method used to identify different pathogens and whether or not they are present in a tested specimen.

Question 20

Serology

Answer 20

The science that studies serums and immune responses that are evident in serum.

Question 21

Antiserum

Answer 21

Solutions of antibodies that are used in the identification of many medically important microorganisms are commercially available.

Question 22

Slide Agglutination Test

Answer 22

Samples of unknown bacterium are place d in a drop of saline on each of several slides. Then a different known antiserum is added to each ample. The bacteria agglutinate(clump) when mixed with antibodies that were produced in response to that species or strain of bacterium; positive test is evident by presence of agglutination

Question 23

Serological Testing

Answer 23

differentiates not only among microbial species, but also among strain within species Strains with different antigens are called serotypes, serovars, or biovars.

Question 24

Serotypes, serovars, or biovars

Answer 24

Strains with different antigens

Question 25

ELISA

Answer 25

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay - a biochemical technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample.

Question 26

Western Blotting

Answer 26

(sometimes called the protein immunoblot) is a widely used analytical technique used in molecular biology, immunogenetics and other molecular biology disciplines to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract. Artificial antibodies are created that react with a specific target protein.

Question 27

Phage Typing

Answer 27

A test for determining which phages (short for bacteriophage: a virus that parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reproducing inside it) a bacterium is susceptible. Bacteriophages are highly specialized, in that they usually infect only members of a particular species, or even particular strains within a species. Common with determining food-associated infections.

Question 28

FAME

Answer 28

Fatty acid methyl ester - bacteria synthesize a wide variety of fatty acids, and in general, those fatty acids are constant for a particular species. Commercial symptoms that have been designed to separate cellular fatty acids to compare them to fatty acid profiles of known organisms.