Chapter 11 Flashcards
Tell me 5 things you know about Proteobacteria
- Name is from the mythological Greek God Proteus, who could assume many chapes
- Proteobacteria are gram-negative. (What does this mean?)
- Chemoheterotrophic (organisms that use organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy)
- Largest taxonomic group of bacteria
- Five Classes
- Alphaproteobacteria
- Betaproteobacteria
- Gammaproteobacteria
- Deltaproteobacteria
- Epsilonproteobacteria
Name 1 characteristic of the Alphaproteobacteria and then the bacteria that fall under this category (7 total)
- Found in low-nutrient aquatic environments
- Caulobacter
- Hyphomicrobium
- Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium
- Argobacterium
- Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas
Describe the characteristics of Caulobacter.
What class does it belong under?
- Produces two types of cells: swarmer and stalked
- Reproduce via budding rather than binary fission
- Belongs under Proteobacteria: Alphaproteobacteria
Which class of Proteobacteria are found in low-nutrient aquatic environments?
Alphaproteobacteria
Describe the characteristics of Hyphomicrobium and indicate which class it belongs in.
- Reproduction by budding
- Hypha or prothesca grows out of one end and bud grows at the tip of prostheca
- Belongs to the Alphaproteobacteria class
Describe the characteristics of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium and indicate which class they belong in.
- Fix nitrogen in the roots of leguminous plants
- Known by the common name of rhizobia
- Part of the Alphaproteobacteria class
Describe the characteristics of Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas and indicate which class they belong to.
- Chemoautotrophic (uses inorganic chemicals as energy source (instead of light); CO2 as carbon source
- Plays important role in Nitrogen Cycle
- Nitrosomonas: NH4+ ► NO2-
- Nitrobacter: NO2- ►NO3-
Describe the characteristics of Agrobacterium and indicate which class they belong to.
- Plant pathogen; causes crown gall (think of those tumors on stalks of plants)
- Inserts a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor
- Belongs to Alphaproteobacteria
Name the 3 bacteria under the class of Betaproteobacteria.
- Spirillum
- Sphaerotilus
- Bordetella
Describe the characteristics of Spirillum and indicate which class it belongs to.
- Found in freshwater
- Move via flagella
- A part of the Betaproteobacteria class
Describe the characteristics of Sphaerotilus and indicate which class it belongs to.
- Found in freshwater and sewage
- Form sheaths to aid in protection and nutrient gathering
- A part of the Betaproteobacteria class
Describe the characteristics of Bordetella and indicate which class it belongs to.
- Non-motile rods
- B. pertussis: causes whooping cough
- Part of the Betaproteobacteria class
Name the three main orders under Gammaproteobacteria
- Pseudomonadales
- Enterobacteriales
- Pasteurellales
Describe the characteristics of Pseudomonadales and indicate which class they belong to.
- Pseudomonas (genus of Gammaproteobacteria)
- Opportunistic pathogens; nosocomial infections
- Metabolically diverse
- Polar flagella; common in soil
- P. Aeruginosa: wound and urinary track infections
What can you tell me about Enterobacteriales?
- Commonly called enterics - they inhabit the intestinal tract; ferment carbohydrates
Can you name all 10 enterobacteriales discussed in the powerpoint for Chapter 11?
- Shigella
- Klebsiella
- Serratia
- Escherichia
- Salmonella
- Proteus
- Yersinia
- Erwinia
- Enterobacteria
- Cronobacter
Which Enterobacteriales causes bacillary dysentery?
Shigella
Which Enterobacteriales causes pneumonia?
Klebsiella - K. pneumoniae
What are nosocomial infections?
Which Enterobacteriales is the most common cause of nosocomial infects?
Nosocomial infections: is an infection that is acquired in a hospital or other health care facility.
Part of the Serratia Genus. Produces red pigment and is the common cause of nosocomial infections.
Which genus of Enterobacteriales causes E.coli?
Escherichia: E. Coli: indicator of fecal contamination; causes foodborne disease and urinary tract infections
Which genus of Enterobacteriales has a species that causes thyphoid fever? What is the species name?
Salmonella
- 2400 serovars
- Common form of foodborne illness
- Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) causes typhoid fever
Remember Typhoid Mary?
Which genus of Enterobacteriales forms colonies of concentric rings?
Proteus
- Swarming motility; colonies form concentric rings
Which genus and species of Enterobacteriales caused the plague?
How was the plague transmitted?
Yersinia
- Y. pestis causes plague
- Transmitted via fleas
What are plant pathogens?
Which genus of Enterobacteriales has plant pathogens?
Plant pathogen: a disease-causing organism which attacks plants.
Genus: Erwinia
Crown Rot is a good example
Which specie(s) and genus of Enterobacteriales cause urinary tract infections and nosocomial infections?
Enterobacter
- E. Cloacae and E. aerogenes cause urinary tract infections and nosocomial infections
Which genus and species of Enterobacteriales causes meningitis?
Cronobacter
- Discovered in 2007
- C. sakazakii causes meningitis; found in a variety of environments and foods
What do you know about Pasteurellales?
- Part of the Enterobacteriales class
- Species: Pasteurella
- Pathogen of domestic animals
- P. multocida is transmitted to humans via animal bites
- Haemophilus
- Require X factor (heme) and V factor (NAD+ NDAP+) in media
- H. influenzae causes meningitis, earaches, and epiglottitis
- Species: Pasteurella
Which genus of Deltaproteobacteria attacks other gram-negative bacteria?
Bdellovibrio
Which class does the genus Myxococcales belong to? What does myxo mean? What are the characteristics of this genus?
- Belongs to Deltaproteobacteria class
- Myxo = mucus
- Characteristics:
- Move by gliding and leaving a slime trail
- Cells aggregate and form a fruiting body containing myxospores
Can you explain the 6 steps of the Myxobacteria fruiting body?
- Myxospores
- Mysxospores are resistant resting cells released from sporangioles upon favorable conditions
- Germination
- Myxospores germinate and form gram-negative vegetative cells, which divide to reproduce
- Vegetative Growth Cycle
- Vegetative myxobacteria are motile by gliding, forming visible slime trails
- Aggregation
- Underfavorable conditions, the vegetative cells swarm to central locations, forming an aggregation
- Mounding
- Aggregations of cells heap up into a mound, an early fruiting body
- Mounds of myxobactreia differentiate into a mature fruiting body, which produces myxospores packed within sprangioles
Describe the physical characteristics and oxygen needs of Epsilonproteobacteria. Name two genus.
helical or curved; microaerophilic (some oxygen, but not too much!)
- Campylobacter (pictured)
- One polar flagellum
- C. jejuni causes foodborne intestinal disease
- Helicobacter
- Multiple flagella
- Causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer
Which class and genus/species of Proteobacteria causes peptic ulcers and cancer?
Epsiloproteobacteria
- Campylobacter
- C. jejuni
What are heterocysts?
Specialized nitrogen-fixing cells formed during nitrogen starvation by some filamentous cyanobacteria
What can you tell me about Cyanobacteria?
- It’s the Oxygen Photosynthetic Bacteria!
- Carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
- Many contain heterocysts that can fix nitrogen
- Gas vesicles that provide buoyancy
- Unicellular or filamentous
What are gloeoclapsa?
A genus of cyanobacteria. Groups of these cells, which divide by binary fission, are held together by the surrounding glycocalyx.
What are the anoxygenic photosynthetic bacter classes?
What do you know about them?
The Phyla Chlorobi and Chloroflexi
- Carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis
- Green sulfur: phylum Chlorobi
- Green nonsulfur: Phylum Chloroflexi
- Purple sulfur and purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria are proteobacteria
What do you know about Chlamydiae?
Name two genus.
Do they stain gram-neg or gram-pos?
- No peptidoglycan in the cell wall; grow intracellularly
- Genuses: Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
- Form an elementary body that is infective
- Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma and urethritis
What are the 6 steps in the life cycle of chlamydias?
- The bacterium’s infectious form, the elementary body, attaches to a host cell
- The host cell phagocytizes the elementary body, housing in a vacuole.
- The elementary body reorganizes to form a reticulate body
- The reticulate body divides successively, producing multiple reticulate bodies
- The reticulate bodies begin to convert back to elementary bodies
- The elementary bodies are released from the host cell
What do you know about Spirochaetes? Can you name two genus and species?
- Coiled and move via axial filaments
-
Treponema
- T. pallidum causes syphilis
-
Borrelia
- Causes relapsing fever and Lyme disease
-
Treponema
What species of spirochaete causes syphilis?
T. pallidum
What genus of Spirochaete causes relapsing fever and Lyme disease?
Borrelia
Go on, tell me everything you know about Deinococci!
Two noted species:
-
Deinococcus radiodurans
- More resistant to radiation than endospores
-
Thermus aquaticus
- Found in a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park
- Source of Taq polymerase
What are the Gram-positive Bacteria?
Firmicites (low G + C ratios)
Actinobacteria (high G + C ratios)
What are the three main classes of Firmicutes?
- Clostridiales
- Bacillales
- Lactobacillales
What can you tell me about Clostridiales?
- Genus: Clostridium
- Endospore-producing
- Obligate anaerobes
- Includes disease causing C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens
Can you name two genus of Bacillales?
Which Gram-positive bacteria does Bacillales belong to?
- Bacillus
- Endospore-producing rods
- B. anthracis causes anthrax
- Staphylococcus
- Grape-like clusters
- S. aureus causes wound infections, is often antibiotic resistant, and produces an enterotoxin
Define enterotoxin
A toxin produced in or affecting the intestines, such as those causing food poisoning or cholera.
What do you know about Lactobacillales?
- Aerotolerant anaerobes; produce lactic acid from simple carbohydrates
- Lactobacillus colonize the body and are used commercially in food production
What d you know about Actinobacteria?
Can you name four genus of Actinobacteria?
- High G + C and Gram-positive bacteria
- Often pleomorphic (the ability of some bacteria to alter their shape or size in response to environmental conditions); branching filaments
- Often common inhabitants of soil
- Genus:
- Mycobacterium
- Streptomyces
- Actinomyces
- Nocardia
Tellme about Mycobacterium. Characteristics? Genus of… ?
Genus of Actinobacteria
- Outermost layer of mycolic acids that is waxy and water-resistant
- Often slow-growing
- M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis
- M. leprae causes leprosy
What class and species causes leprosy?
- Class: Actinobacteria
- Speciess: M. leprae
Which genus of Actinobacteria is solated from soil and produces most antibodies?
Streptomyces
Which genus of Actinobacteria forms filaments in the mouth and throat that destroy tissue?
Actinomyces
Which genus of Actinobacteria forms fragmenting filaments and is acid fast?
Nocardia
Which genus and species of Actinobacteria causes pulmonary infections?
N. asteroides
What are extremophiles? Can you provide two examples?
Bacteria which can survive and thrive in extreme conditions.
- Halophiles: require salt concentration >25%
- Thermophiles: require growth temperature >80°C
What are Methanogens?
Anaerobic microorganisms that produce methane
PCR can indicate up to _______ bacterial species per gram of soil. What does PCR stand for?
- 10,000
- Polymerase Chain Reaction: PCR allows for rapid and highly specific diagnosis of infectious diseases, including those caused by bacteria or viruses.[26] PCR also permits identification of non-cultivatable or slow-growing microorganisms such as mycobacteria, anaerobic bacteria, or viruses from tissue culture assays and animal models. The basis for PCR diagnostic applications in microbiology is the detection of infectious agents and the discrimination of non-pathogenic from pathogenic strains by virtue of specific genes. (From Wiki https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction#Infectious_disease_applications)
Why hae many bacteria not been identified?
- They simply hav enot been cultured
- They are also a part of complex fod chains requiring the products of other bacteria
Give examples of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (with different groups)
- Gram-positive
- Firmicites
- Actinobacteria
- Gram-negative
- Proteobacteria
- Cyanobacteria
- Chlorobi
- Chloroflexi
- Chlamydiae
- Plantomycetes
- Bacteroidetes
- Fusobacteria
- Spirochaetes
Which phyla of gram-positive bacteria have low G + C gram-positive rods and cocci?
Firmicites
Which phyla of gram-positive bacteria have high G + C?
Actinobacteria
Examples of Firmicutes include Bacilli and Clostridia
Examples of Actinobacteria include Mycobacteria, Corynebacterium, and Streptomyces
What are the two Phyla of Archaea?
Crenarchaeota
Euryarchaeota
What are the two different forms of Caulobacter?
swarmers and stalkers
(like the Beyhive if you insult her on twitter)
What are prosthecae? Which bacteria produces them?
Both Caulobacter and Hyphomicrobium produce prosthecae which are protusions like stalks or buds. These are neither pili nor flagella, as they are extensions of the cellular membrane and contain cytosol
Which bacteria fix nitrogen?
Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium (kinda of like how plants fix CO2, proteins are made from the nitrogen) The plant and the rhizobia have a symbiotic relationship. (Like how Slughorn gives the talented peeps a knee-up and they give him crystallized pineapple)
Which bacteria is predatory on other bacteria?
Bdellvibrio; it attacks other gram-negative bacteria by attaching tightly and after penetrating the outer layer of the gram-negative bacteria, it reproduces within the periplasm. There, the cell elongates into a tight spiral, which then fragments almost simultaneously into several individual flagellated cells. The host cell then lyses, releasing the Bdellvibrio cells.
Part of the Deaproteobacteria. This is includes both Bdellvibrio and Myxococci.
What is the spceial characteristic of Deinococci?
They are more resistant to radiation than endospores.
They can survive in VERY high temperatures. Greater than 70°C
But mostly that radiation resistance is crazy. Seriously. They will survive the apocalypse and live in space.
What are the three groups of Archaea?
- Methanogens (produce methane gas)
- Halophiles (~25% salt concentraion)
- Thermophiles (>80°C and low pH, like sulfolobus)
What percentage of bacteria do we know? How do we know this?
1%
From the use of sequencing techniques which show many different kinds of bacteria. Many have not been cultured and many are used during the digestive process.
What bacteria causes whooping cough?
Bordella
What can you tell me about Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas?
Nitrosomonas species oxidize ________
to _______ which in turn are oxidized by
Nitrobacter to _________
- Nitrifying bacteria that are of great importance to the environment and to agriculture. They are chemoautotrophs capable of using inorganic chemicals as energy sources and carbon diozidde as the only source of carbon, from which they synthesize all of their complex chemical makeup.
- ammonium
- nitrites
- nitrates
Shape of streptococcus?
What do they produce?
- Spherical in chains.
- Enzymes which destroy tissue and hemolysis on blood agar plate.
This includes mycoplasma which are the smallest bacteria. They can pass through the bacterial membrane filters and lack a cell wall.
Which bacteria causes crown gall disease?
Argobacteria
Do Chlamydia have cell walls?
Nope
Chlamydia causes _____ and _____.
How do they do this?
trachoma and urethritis
Chlamydia shows many forms in their life cycle by starting with elementary bodies that are infective. Once they enter a cell they convert into reticulate bodies which divides many times.
Spirochetes have _____ _____ and have a ______ shape. Are they gram negative or gram positive?
axial filaments
helical
gram-negative
Which bacteria causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
Which bacteria causes lyme disease?
Borrelia
Which bacteria are resistant to radiation and chemical mutagens?
Deinococci, specifically D. radiodurans
Which bacteria is a source of Taq polymerase?
What is Taq polymerase used for?
- Thermus aquaticus
- *
- Taq polymerase is an enzyme that copies DNA. It is isolated from a heat-loving bacterium that is naturally found in hot springs, so the enzyme doesn’t break down at the high temperatures necessary for copying DNA using a polymerase chain reaction.
Which bacteria forms grape-like clusters? What do they cause?
Staphylococcus
Wound infections
Which bacteria also form endospores?
Bacillus and Clostridium
wHICH BACTERIA ARE PHOTOSYNTHETIC? HOW DO THEY FIX NITROGEN?
Sorry for yelling. Left my caps on. Whoops!
Cyanobacteria
They have a special appartus called heterocysts that fix the nitrogen
What do you know about myxobacteria (myxococci)?
They move by gliding and form fruiting bodies containing myxospores. They have a fungus like lifestyle and produce spores but they are not fungi and don’t you dare call them that
Which bacteria forms a sheath for protection and nutrient gathering?
Spheartilus
Calobacter and Hypomycrobium both produce prosthescae or hypha and divide by _______.
Budding
Archaea are divided into what two groups?
What else do you know about them?
- Crenarchaea (thermococcus)
- Euryarchaea (halobacteria and methanogens)
They have similar morphology as bacteria (rods and cocci). The human body contains many species of archaea, butno archaea are found to cause any disease.
What two main groups can bacteria be divided into?
Gram positive and Gram negative
