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BIO150 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected. (e.g. epidermis on skin)

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2
Q

Pandemic disease

A

Worldwide epidemic (e.g. AIDS)

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3
Q

Infection

A

Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

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4
Q

What predisposing factors make the body more susceptible to disease?

A

Gender Inherited traits, such as the sickle cell gene Climate and weather Fatigue Age Lifestyle Nutrition Chemotherapy

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5
Q

Contributing factors to Infectious Disease

A
  • Genetic recombination (E. coli and avian H5N1) - Evolution of new strains (vibrio cholerae O139) - Widespread use of antibiotics and pesticides (antibiotic-resistant strains) - Changes in weather patterns (hantavirus) - Modern transportation (chikugunya and west nile virus) - Ecological disaster, war, and expanding human settlement (coccidoidomycosis) - Animal control measures (lyme disease) - Public health failure (diptheria)
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6
Q

Sepsis

A

Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus infection

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7
Q

Prodromal period

A

Short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

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8
Q

Notifiable infectious disease

A

Diseases in which physicians are required to report occurence

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9
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of the disease

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10
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

A disease that is not spread from one hose to another

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11
Q

Three types of symbiosis

A

Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

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12
Q

Animal reservoirs

A

Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans

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13
Q

Normal microbiota

A

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

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14
Q

Systemic (generalized) infection

A

An infection throughout the body e.g. mea

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15
Q

Viremia

A

Viruses in the blood

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16
Q

Focal infection

A

Systemic infection that began as a local infection

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17
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit e.g. E. coli

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18
Q

Toxemia

A

Toxins in the blood

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19
Q

Incubation period

A

Interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

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20
Q

Secondary infection

A

Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

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21
Q

Septicemia

A

Also known as blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood

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22
Q

Communicable disease

A

A disease that is spread from one host to another

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23
Q

Subclinical disease

A

No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

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24
Q

Period of decline

A

Signs and symptoms subside

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25
Q

Symbiosis

A

The relationship between normal microbiota and the host

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26
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

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27
Q

Normal microbiota protect the host by:

A
  • Competing for nutrients - Producing substances harmful to invading microbes - Affecting pH and available oxygen
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28
Q

Local infection

A

Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body e.g. boils

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29
Q

Contagious disease

A

Diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

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30
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared (takes into account both old and new cases)

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31
Q

Human reservoirs

A

Carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases

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32
Q

CDC

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -Collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States

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33
Q

Indirect contact transmission

A

Spreads to a host by nonliving object called a fomite

34
Q

Mortality rate

A

Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

35
Q

Period of illness

A

Disease is most severe

36
Q

Droplet transmission

A

Transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

37
Q

Herd immunity

A

Immunity in most of a population-acquired by vaccination

38
Q

Analytical epidemiology

A

Analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause (nightingale)

39
Q

Incident

A

Number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period

40
Q

Compromised host

A

Individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns

41
Q

Morbidity

A

Incidence of a specific notifiable disease

42
Q

Period of convalescence

A

Body returns to its pre-diseased state

43
Q

Transmission by an inanimate reservoir… Name 3

A

Waterborne Foodborne Airborne

44
Q

What do HAIs result from?

A

Microorganisms in the hospital environment Weakened status of the host Chain of transmission in a hospital

45
Q

Syndrome

A

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

46
Q

Example of opportunistic pathogens

A

Pathogens that normally would not affect someone with a healthy immune system could be devastating to those with HIV

47
Q

Latent disease

A

Causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

48
Q

Signs

A

Changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

49
Q

Distribution and composition of normal microbiota are determined by many factors including…

A
  • Nutrients (e.g. secretions) - Physical and chemical factors (e.g. pH, temperature, salinity) - Host defenses (e.g. phagocytes) - Mechanical factors (e.g. chewing, flushing)
50
Q

Zoonoses

A

Diseases transmitted from animals to humans

51
Q

Methods for controlling of HAIs

A

Reduce the number of pathogens - Handwashing - Disinfecting tubs used to bathe patients - Cleaning instruments scrupulously - Using disposable bandages and intubation Infection control committees

52
Q

Experimental epidemiology

A

Involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments (semmelweis)

53
Q

Nonliving reservoirs

A

Soil and water

54
Q

Symptoms

A

Changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease

55
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits at the expense of the other (e.g. infection)

56
Q

HAIs

A

Healthcare-Associated Infections (nosocomial infections) -Acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility - Affect 1 in 25 hospital patients (2 million per year infected; 20,000 deaths)

57
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

Collection and analysis of data (snow)

58
Q

Endemic disease

A

Disease constantly present in a population

59
Q

Three major continual sources of infect

A

Human reservoirs Animal reservoirs Nonliving reservoirs

60
Q

Direct contact transmission

A

Requires close association between the infected and susceptible host

61
Q

Chronic disease

A

Symptoms develop slowly

62
Q

Disease

A

An abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

63
Q

Example of mechanical transmission

A

Arthropod carries pathogen on its feet

64
Q

What do epidemiologists do?

A
  • Determine etiology of a disease - Identify other important factors concerning the spread of disease - Develop methods for controlling disease - Assemble data and graphs to outline incidence of disease
65
Q

Acute disease

A

Symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

66
Q

Example of biological transmission

A

Pathogen reproduces in the vector, transmitted via bites or feces

67
Q

Mortality

A

Deaths from notifiable diseases

68
Q

Fomite

A

non-living object that spreads disease (tissue)

69
Q

Pathology

A

Study of disease

70
Q

Sporadic disease

A

Disease that occurs only occasionally e.g. typhoid

71
Q

Morbidity rate

A

Number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

72
Q

Bacteremia

A

Bacteria in the blood

73
Q

Microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion)

A

competition between microbes

74
Q

What does the CDC publish?

A

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

75
Q

Transient microbiota

A

May be present for days, weeks, or months and then disappear

76
Q

Primary infection

A

Acute infection that causes the initial illness

77
Q

Epidemic disease

A

Disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time (e.g. influenza)

78
Q

Human microbiome project

A

Analyzes relationships between microbial communities on the body and human health

79
Q

Name a few vectors of disease and what two general methods are used for transmission

A

Arthropods (fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes) 1. Mechanical transmission 2. Biological transmission

80
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The development of a disease

BIO150 (15 decks)

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